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CSI Final
N/A
80
Sociology
Undergraduate 4
12/11/2012

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What word is the tip-off that people are discussing values and making a value judgment?
Definition
should
Term
How do values enter our social life?
Definition
by judging other people
Term
According to sociologists, who creates values?
Definition
people in an organization (groups, formal organization, communities, societies),
it is cultural
Term
Does everyone have values?
Definition
YES
Term
Our decisions are based on what?
Definition
values
Term
Values are ____.
Definition
social
Term
Through life we interact and form values through _________.
Definition
social interactions
Term
The tendency of a group of people to make value judgments about other people; tendency to believe that our ways are right and those without our ways are less right
Definition
ethnocentrism
Term
Ethnocentrism means...
Definition
that people believe their culture ("ethno") is central ("centrism") to the universe.
Term
What are the five reasons that ethnocentrism arises?
Definition
1. social interaction
2. loyalty to an organization
3. creation of deviance
4. the want to rationalize our actions
5. social conflict and social power
Term
Individuals who disagree with and violate a culture are called....
Definition
deviants
Term
What preserves ethnocentrism?
Definition
reinforcement of the sacredness of our ways
Term
Ethnocentrism becomes a _______ for evil.
Definition
rationalization
Term
_______ encourages ethnocentrism.
Definition
Conflict
Term
What are the two things that create human differences?
Definition
interaction & organization
Term
A state of chronic suffering and unhappiness
Definition
misery
Term
What are the 4 things that sociologists look to as the sources of social problems begin misery?
Definition
-social inequality
-social conflict & breakdown of social order
-socialization
-alienation
Term
separation of people from one another, from meaningful work, and from one's self
Definition
alienation
Term
What are the 7 consequences of social inequality that are linked to misery?
Definition
-poverty
-crime
-bad jobs
-exploitation
-lack of self-worth
-stress
-institutions that produce & maintain misery
Term
____ breeds misery.
Definition
Passivity
Term
What did Marx say about meaningful work and its relationship to misery?
Definition
humans are creative, hardworking, productive being that need creative, meaningful work to participate & to be content
Term
where each participant is influential, is important for all of us but difficult to determine who is influencing or who is being influenced
Definition
social interaction
Term
What was Emile Durkheim's view on social patterns?
Definition
they take on a life of their own, they exist "out there" some place invisible, real, external to us, influencing and even controlling us
Term
What actions spontaneous or random?
Definition
No, neither. They generally follow patterns laid out by strangers long dead
Term
Is it possible for a person to have influence over his/her own life or the life of another?
Definition
possible if we are free, however we always act in a social context--doesn't leave room for individual freedom
-some do impact social patterns within the bounds of its social patterns
Ex. Gorbachev was exception-used social patterns to rise to top, then turned around and criticized the political structure he was leading
Term
What are the 6 guiding principles that sociologists believe about social change?
Definition
-change exists in all social organizations
-change depends on social power
-change arises from social conflict
-change is most likely when the social situation favors it
-most lasting change results from social trends
-societies change but social patterns persist
Term
the ability to achieve ones will in relation to others
Definition
social power
Term
success is never guaranteed. What are the 4 outcomes possible?
Definition
-social patterns may not change
-social patterns may change, but in an unintended direction
-social patterns change in the direction desired
-social patterns change exactly as desired
Term
What did Marx say about social change in relation to social conflict?
Definition
history is the struggle of opposing classes
Term
What did Weber say about social change in relation to social conflict?
Definition
change occurs out of conflict, those who support traditions and those who oppose it
Term
groups that create social conflict and change are called what?
Definition
social movements
Term
most lasting change results from what?
Definition
social trends
Term
societies _____, but social patterns ______.
Definition
change, persist
Term
What is religion??
Definition
does not necessarily mean a belief in God
Term
What was Emile Durkheim's view of religion?
Definition
-religion is set of beliefs/practices that divide the universe into 2 parts: sacred & profane
-its the human being who divides the universe, people who designate what is to be treated as sacred
-religion is a universal tendency, community can exist over time only if some form of religion establishes and reestablishes the community as sacred to those who take part in it
Term
What was Max Weber's view of religion?
Definition
-emphasized religion as central part of a people's culture
-way for people to understand their own life in relation to their universe
-treat it as an "ethic", a cultural view, a tool for people to understand their lives & bring meaning to it
-ideas & values, not simply economic interests, shape human action & society, and that religion is highly important basis for a people's ideas and values
Term
when supernatural explanations of the universe are replaced by a more rational, scientific approach
Definition
secularization
Term
What was Peter Berger's view of religion?
Definition
emphasized the social essence of religion
-religion is how we make sense of the world
Term
What do all 3 sociologists, Durkheim, Weber, & Berger, believe about religion?
Definition
-necessary force in society
-is a social construction
-religion has been necessary for every society, & because society is necessary for human life, religion is central to what humans are
-way that people in a community come to define reality-->thus central to culture
Term
view of the universe that through beliefs and practices identifies a special, separate, sacred world apart from our physical, mundane, profane, everyday existence. It is socially created, part of human culture, and has important impact on human action
Definition
religion
Term
works within society in order to change the direction of society and to compete with or replace the established religion
Definition
sect (Jehovah's Witness, Scientologists)
Term
pulls away from society, isolates itself from those outside it, believes that outsiders are beyond help, and tends to be seen as illegitimate by the larger society
Definition
cult
Term
What are the 7 social functions of religion?
Definition
-social solidarity
-protecting group identity
-control over the individual
-defending democracy from a tyranny
-understanding and finding meaning in the universe
-defense of society
-criticism of society
Term
political religion of democracy, attempts to create a consensus among the people society that religious differences can and should exist
Definition
civil religion
Term
multiple religions in a society
Definition
religious pluralism
Term
What are the ways in which religions exerts control over an individual?
Definition
-through a moral system
-through a view of just universe
-through belief in community
Term
What did Seymour Lipset say about religion and society?
Definition
sociologist, said that democracy never thrives in a theocracy (government controlled by religious leaders)
-however, religion can inspire people to participate in a government and help ensure that democratic government doesn't slip into a tyranny
Term
What did Peter Berger say the most important role of religion is?
Definition
help make sense of the chaos in the universe, to build a "sacred cosmos"
Term
What did Karl Marx believe about organized religion?
Definition
acts to turn people's attention away from the real source of their problems (economic conditions) and thus protect society's social patterns from criticism and reform
Term
What are the 2 positions on whether organized religion is necessary?
Definition
1. sees the decline of religion in the world due to secularization, modern life undermines the importance of religion
2. modern life may change religion, but does not necessarily undermine the influence of religion and in many ways may even increase its importance (traditional religion may decline but new forms will arise)
Term
Can we help generalizing and categorizing people?
Definition
no, we can just develop more accurate generalizations about people
Term
category we use to understand the situations we encounter, set of expectations that people have of an actor in a position within a social situation
Definition
role
Term
isolate a chunk of our environment, distinguish that chunk from all other parts of the environment, give it a name, associate certain ideas with it
Definition
categorization
Term
describes a category, statement that characterizes objects included in the category and defines similarities and differences with other categories
Definition
generalization
Term
A stereotype is characterized by what 6 qualities?
Definition
-judgmental
-absolute category, sharp distinction between those inside and those outside
-overshadows all others in the mind of the observer
-does not change with new evidence
-is not created carefully in the first place
-doesn't encourage a search for understanding about why human beings are different from one another
Term
highly disciplines process of investigation whose purpose is to question many of our uncritically accepted stereotypes and generalizations
Definition
social science
Term
What are 6 ways that social science aims to create accurate categories and generalization about human beings?
Definition
1. tries hard not to be judgmental
2. categories and generalizations are rarely-if ever-absolute
3. not assumed to be all important for understanding the individual
4. tries to create categories and generalizations through carefully gathered evidence
5. generalization are tentative and subject to change because new evidence is constantly being examined
6. do not categorize as an end in itself
Term
process, a cluster of many activities, a direction toward a world system, toward an integrated, interdependent world
Definition
globalization
Term
What are the 3 views of globalization?
Definition
1. don't believe it is occurring
2. believe that world is truly becoming transformed in a very dramatic way, thought to be positive
3. world is truly becoming transformed in very dramatic way, but they aren't nearly positive about what is taking place
Term
What are the 4 themes of world society?
Definition
1. technology, communication, globalization
2. capitalism & globalization: the new economy
3. globalization and creation of a world society
4. is globalization good for the world?
Term
What is Thomas Friedman's view on communication?
Definition
"The World is Flat", describes the communication revolution, its economic implications, and its ability to increase the tremendous knowledge throughout the world
Term
economic system that attempts to encourage business to thrive without government intervention
Definition
capitalism
Term
________ is truly the inevitable outcome of capitalism.
Definition
Globalization
Term
What are the 5 qualities that characterize organizations?
Definition
-social interaction
-social structure
-culture
-social institutions
-emotional commitment
Term
Margaret Mead
Definition
anthropologist, went to New Guinea and saw that men acted like women & visa versa (according to their culture)
Term
1850
Definition
Industrial Revolution, women were CEO of home, worked alongside men in fields, also had children, ran the household
Term
up to 1920
Definition
women lived more relaxed lifestyle, thought of as delicate, separation between women and men
Term
1920
Definition
19th amendment is passed, women's right to vote, changed view of women, were less separated
Term
1940
Definition
WWII began, changed family dynamics, woman's role changed drastically
Term
1941-1945
Definition
"Rosie the Riveter" was born, US needed women to work in factories while men were away at war,
Term
1946-1963
Definition
Men returned from war, got married, had kids--known as Baby Boomers. Baby Boomers had 2.5 children, much less than their parents. Very demanding generation, still are
Term
1960
Definition
bill control pill came out, allowed for family planning, changed dynamics, average family size of 2,
Term
1950
Definition
TV invented, Leave it to Beaver-depicted perfect family, mom stayed at home, dad went off to work, family could be planned according to wants/needs
Term
1960-1970
Definition
disillusion, skepticism, Vietnam War,
Term
1973
Definition
Roe vs. Wade
Term
1980s-1990s
Definition
housing, banks, economy was up and money was good
Term
1996
Definition
DOMA
Term
2000
Definition
tax cuts, 9/11
Term
2007
Definition
Recession, economy goes down
Term
2012
Definition
election results, Obama won by both popular vote and electoral vote
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