Term
| Kohlberg's Stages of Morality |
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Definition
Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post-conventional |
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Term
Kohlberg Stage 1
Pre-Conventional Level 1 & 2 |
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Definition
1. Obedience and punishment orientation
(How can I avoid punishment?)
2. Self-interest orientation
(What's in it for me?)
(Paying for a benefit)
Do the right thing because I get a reward. |
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Term
Kohlberg's Stage 2
Conventional Level 3 & 4 |
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Definition
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity
(Social norms)
(The good boy/girl attitude)
4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
(Law and order morality)
Do the right thing because I care what others think. |
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Term
Kohlberg's Stage 3
Post-Conventional Level 5 & 6 |
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Definition
5. Social contract orientation
6. Universal ethical principles
(Principled conscience)
Do it because it is the right thing to do. |
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Term
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Stages |
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Definition
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational |
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Term
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Definition
From birth to development of language
0 - 2 years
Learn about the world through physical interaction with objects, starting with self. Input is through senses.
Symbolic understanding ends this stage.
Object permanence in developed. |
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Term
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Definition
From language acquisition to conservation.
Age 2 - 7 years
Ego-centric. Imaginative play. Parallel play. Symbolic thinking.
By end, child sees other people's points of view. (Mountain experiment)
Understanding of Conservation ends this stage. |
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Term
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Definition
From conservation to
Ages 8 - 11
Capable of performing a variety of mental operations (rules) and thoughts using concrete concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
Theoretical, hypothetical and counter-factual thinking.
Abstract logic and reasoning.
Strategy and planning become possible.
Applied knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
The basic building block of intelligent behavior – a way of organizing, classifying, knowledge.
Cat: tail, 4 legs, pointy ears, meow.
Dog: ",",", ruff.
a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a child's existing schemas are capable of explaining what it can perceive around it, it is said to be in a state of equilibrium, i.e. a state of cognitive (i.e. mental) balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disequilibrium occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas (assimilation). |
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Term
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Definition
| Equilibration is the force which drives the learning process as we do not like to be frustrated and will seek to restore balance by mastering the new challenge (accommodation). |
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Term
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Definition
Zone of Proximal Development
A skill that a student can do with guidance.
Not too easy and not too difficult.
What a child can do in cooperation today, she can do alone tomorrow." |
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Term
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Definition
Quantity does not change with physical rearrangement.
Not dependent on spacial relations |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
8 stages of development
Each stage is characterized by a different psychological crisis that has to be resolved by the individual before they can move on to the next stage.
Problems develop is stages are not reached. |
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Term
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Definition
Hope
trust / mistrust
Can I trust the world?
Are basic needs being met?/not met?
ages 0 - 2 |
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Term
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Definition
Will
autonomy / shame & doubt
Is it okay to be me?
independence ages 2 - 4 |
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Term
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Definition
Purpose
initiative / guilt
Is it okay for me to do, move & act?
age 4 - 5 |
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Term
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Definition
Competence
Industry / Inferiority
Can I make it in the world of people and things?
Age 5 - 13 |
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Term
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Definition
Fidelity
Identity / Role confusion
Who am I?
Who can I be?
Age 13 - 19 |
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Term
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Definition
Love
Intimacy v.s. isolation
Can I love?
age 20 - 39 |
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Term
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Definition
Care
generativity / despair
Can I make life count?
age 40 - 64 |
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Term
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Definition
Wisdom
ego integrity / despair
Is it okay to have been me?
age 65 ------> |
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