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| Who developed Boolean Logic? |
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George Boole "the father of computer science"
Born in England 2 Nov 1815
Died in Ireland 8 Dec 1864 |
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He was an English mathematician and philosopher who invented Boolean Algebra- the basic principles of computer science.
He was awarded a metal by the Royal Society for his contributions to analysis. He began to think algebra could also be applied to LOGIC.
In 1847, he published a pamphlet on the mathematical analysis of logic. In which he argued that logic should be tied to mathematics rather than philosophy as it was at that time.
In 1849, as a result of his publications he was appointed professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Ireland. He did this even though he did not have a university degree.
In 1854, he published his work entitled "An Investigation into The Laws of Thought", on which are founded the mathematical theories of logic and probabilities. From this document, comes the Boolean Logical Operators that we use to search the web. |
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The principles of Boolean Logic are used every time we do an internet search.
Boolean Logic refers to the logical relationships among search terms. Boole used words that he called logical operators to define searches.
Boolean Logic consists of 3 logical operators AND, NOT, OR.
NEAR can also be used to make searches more specific. |
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A deductive mathematical system closed over the values zero and one (respectively false and true)
Its operations mimic algebra -and, or not- instead of addition and multiplications operators (+, *)
***In 1938, Shannon proved that a two-valued Boolean algebra (whose members are most commonly denoted 0 or 1, or false and true) can describe the operations of two-valued electrical switching circuits.
Today Boolean algebra and Boolean functions are indispensable in the design of computer chips and integrated circuits.
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 1
The first three equations above are the same as modern algebraic operations.
However, the last one does not seem logical. In Boolean algebra there is no number except 1, and 0.
1 + 1 cannot be equal to 0, so the result is 1 by elimination. |
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| Boolean Logic is built into? |
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Digital circuits
The OR gate |
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| Relays use a________________ to control a _________________. |
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| "low amperage circuit"; "high amperage circuit" |
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| The low amperage circuit controls an ________________. |
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| "an electromagnetic device" |
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| The electromagnetic device _____________ the high amperage circuit-- on/off = 1/0 |
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vacuum tubes
transistors
ICs in silicon |
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| 1940's vacuum tubes replaced? |
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a light bulb containing a partial vacuum to speed electron flow
can control flow of electricity faster than relays since they had no moving parts |
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| Who invented vacuum tubes? |
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| 1950's transistors began to replace? |
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A transistor is a piece of silicon whose conductivity can be turned on and off using an electric current
they preform the same switching function as vacuum tubes, relays but were smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to mass produce.
*** some historians claim that the invention of the transistor was the most important invention of the 20th century*** |
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| Silicon is an element found in? |
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| Who invented the transistor? |
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John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs in 1947.
*** they were trying to invent a new kind of amplifier for the telephone system. Shockley started his own company in Palo Alto California giving rise to Silicon Valley where two of his employees, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore founded Intel*** |
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They do two things:
1. Amplify a signal
current in, larger current out
Exp: hearing aids, loud speakers...
2. Act as a switch
a tiny electrical current flowing into one part can make a larger current flow through another part- like a mechanical relay
this is the basis for memory chips
low current = 0
high current = 1 |
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Definition
semiconductor.
***not a conductor like metal, not an insulator like plastic*** |
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| Silicon does not normally allow current to flow through, BUT |
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| by adding (doping) with chemicals (arsenic, phosphorous) we can control its properties. |
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| One of the founders of Intel. |
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| the empirical observation that the complexity of integrated circuits, with respect to minimum component cost, doubles every 24 months. |
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| The first microprocessor (1971) |
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| What could the Intel 4004 do? |
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add, subtract at 4 bits at a time. It powered one of the first portable electronic calculators.
***everything on one chip, before this collections of chips, or transistors wired one at a time.*** |
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| First microprocessor to make it into a home computer. A complete 8 bit computer on one chip. (1974) |
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| Fist "commercial" personal computer. (1981) |
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Hardware:
4.77 MHz Intel 8088
16 KB RAM
160 KB floppy drive
OS:
MS- DOS |
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| Macintosh was released in? |
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8 MHz Motorola 68000
128 KB RAM
128 KB floppy drive
9" black n white screen
First PC with GUI and mouse (early windows) |
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| Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs? |
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| Founders of Apple. Wozniak is the hardware guy, Jobs was the software, and entrepreneur guy. |
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| Different styles of a processor? |
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Pentium style processor
286 style processor |
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| Memory connects to the ______ which connects to the _________. |
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| The original meaning of computer? |
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| A person who does calculations. |
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| Archimedes and early physical power machines? |
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Claw of Archimedes
Catapults |
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date as far back as 2400 BC. The abacus found in early Babylonia, and China for arithmetic.
In Medieval Europe- Reckoning boards- in counting houses, for calculating sums of money. |
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| The Leibnitz Step Reckoner |
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| 1600's completed multiplication by repeated addition, and shifting. |
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| The Difference Engine- calculated by means of gears |
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| punched cards fed data and programs to a machine |
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| considered the first programmer |
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| It took ___________ to take mind machines to the next level. |
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| electricity. No, more muscle power. |
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| The Torpedo Data Computer (TDC) |
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| Early electromagnetic analog computer used for torpedo fire-control on American submarines during WWII. |
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1936 paper "On Computable Numbers"
The fundamental concept of Turing's design is the stored program. Where all of the instructions for computing are stored in memory. |
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| Modern computers are considered to be? |
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Turing complete "Turing machines"
"they have the algorithm execution capability equivalent to a univeral Turing machine, which can compute anything theoretically computable. |
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| Early computing machines had programs, but the program was built into the __________. |
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| "hardware of the machine" |
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| A stored-program computer does one thing. It executes __________ stored in _________. |
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Processor
Memory
Way to transfer between memory and outside world |
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| the Z3. The worlds first working electromechanical, programable, fully automatic digital computer. Binary system. Turing complete. Floating Point Numbers |
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2000 relays
22 bit word length
Program code supplied on punch cards
Data stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard |
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| Who invented the integrated circuit? |
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| Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas. and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. |
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| The duality of silicon is the basis for _______________________ using Boolean logic. |
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