Term
| according to boyles law, when the diaphragm contracts what happens to the volume of the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an external trauma-related dysphonia? |
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Definition
something that happens outside of the body
EG: car accident, assault, penetrating incident, etc. |
|
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Term
| what is an internal trauma-related dysphonia? |
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Definition
health care providers messing things up
EG: tubing mishaps, surgery mistakes, etc. |
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Term
| What is the difference between thermal and chemical burns that are trauma-related dysphonia? |
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Definition
thermal: a house fire
chemical: bleach, lye, and lysol |
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Term
| what does a person's voice sound like after a trauma-related dysphonia (burns)? |
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Definition
| hoarse voice - because there isn't a smooth periodic vibration and it's painful to phonate |
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Term
| What do the vocal folds look like if they've had a trauma-related dysphonia? |
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Definition
| the false vocal folds are red and swollen - with severe burn damage the VFs can look black or some of the cartilages/epiglottis could look white when burned |
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Term
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Definition
| benign lesion of the vocal process |
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Term
| What are symptoms of a contact ulcer? |
|
Definition
| vocal fatigue and pain, some patients complain that their ears hurt |
|
|
Term
| what does someone with a contact ulcer sound like? |
|
Definition
| they have a lower pitch, breathy voice, globus, and maybe have a pattern of throat clearing |
|
|
Term
| what is treatment for a contact ulcer? |
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Definition
| surgery and then voice therapy |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary causes of a contact ulcer? |
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Definition
| Gastroesophageal Refulx (GERD), intubation, and a hard glottal attack |
|
|
Term
| What is GERD and what is it associated with? |
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Definition
| when the esophageal sphincters don't do what they're supposed to do and the stomach acid travels up the esophagus and hits the delicate laryngeal tissues, thus eroding it -- associated with a contact ulcer (primary cause) |
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|
Term
| How can intubation cause a contact ulcer? |
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Definition
| the tube can irritate the vocal folds and result in a contact ulcer |
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|
Term
| What is a hard glottal attack and what is it associated with? |
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Definition
| When the VFs bang together forcefully -- associated with a contact ulcer |
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|
Term
| What do the vocal folds of a person with a contact ulcer look like? |
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Definition
| they can have a unilateral or bilateral ulcer - may be a lighter color |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| what are the two causes of laryngitis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the symptoms of laryngitis? |
|
Definition
| hoarseness and aphonic symptoms (voice cutting out) |
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|
Term
| What do the VFs look like in a patient with laryngitis? |
|
Definition
deep red color - can be unilateral or bilateral
can be a pale pink in mild cases |
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|
Term
| What is treatment for laryngitis? |
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Definition
| Depends on the cause - most often is vocal rest which means NO WHISPERING |
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|
Term
| are cysts unilateral or bilateral? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a blockage of a glandular duct in which there is a retention of mucus - this may be congenital or the result of poor lymphatic drainage |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of a VF cyst? |
|
Definition
| DIPLOPHONIA (DOUBLE VOICE) vocal fatigue, breathiness, hoarseness, etc - determined by the position of the cyst |
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|
Term
| What do VFs look like in a patient with a vocal fold cyst? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is treatment for a vocal fold cyst? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| one vocal fold is heavier than the other (cyst is on one VF) |
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|
Term
| what causes acquired webbing/synechia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what are the symptoms of acquired webbing/synechia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what do the VFs look like in acquired webbing/synechia? |
|
Definition
| a web forms over the anterior commissure |
|
|
Term
| what is treatment for acquired webbing/synechia? |
|
Definition
| Surgery, then putting in a keel at the anterior commissure which lets the VFs heal without coming together and forming a new web |
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|
Term
| what causes laryngeal hyperkeratosis? (5 main) |
|
Definition
| chronic irritation to the larynx from inhalation of dust, excessive use of alcohol, chronic infection of the sinuses and pharynx, chronic laryngitis, and radiation injury |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of laryngeal hyperkeratosis? |
|
Definition
| hoarseness or a lower pitch - can turn into cancer |
|
|
Term
| what do the VFs look like in a patient with laryngeal hyperkeratosis? |
|
Definition
| rough red patches that are made up of the same materials as your fingernails |
|
|
Term
| what is treatment for laryngeal hyperkeratosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What causes laryngeal leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| chronic irritation to the larynx from inhalation of dust, excessive use of alcohol, chronic infection of the sinuses and pharynx, chronic laryngitis, and radiation injury |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of laryngeal leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what do the VFs look like in a patient with laryngeal leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| benign whitish patches on the mucosa - considered precancerous |
|
|
Term
| what is treatment for laryngeal leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what causes laryngeal papilloma? |
|
Definition
| HPV - most commonly passed from the mother to the child during birth |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of laryngeal papilloma? |
|
Definition
| hoarseness - most common cause of hoarseness in children |
|
|
Term
| what do VFs look like in a patient with laryngeal papilloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is treatment for laryngeal papilloma? |
|
Definition
| surgery - but it often goes back so you need to have surgery again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restricted movement of laryngeal joints |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of ankylosis? |
|
Definition
| pain - tongue tie and significant changes in voicing |
|
|
Term
| what do VFs look like in a patient with ankylosis? |
|
Definition
| they look normal because the problem is with the underlying joints |
|
|
Term
| what is treatment for ankylosis? |
|
Definition
| surgery of the arytenoid cartilages for a severe case - a mild case is generally managed with medications |
|
|
Term
| ankylosis is associated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of sulcus vocalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of sulcus vocalis? |
|
Definition
| strained vocal quality, constrained pitch range, and a decreased loudness |
|
|
Term
| what to VFs look like in a patient with sulcus vocalis? |
|
Definition
| a groove or furrow along the medial edge of the VF, usually bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for sulcus vocalis? |
|
Definition
| surgery and follow up voice therapy |
|
|
Term
| Cigarette smoking is associated with up to what percent of oral and laryngeal cancer deaths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of cancer? |
|
Definition
| hoarseness, a lump in the neck, broadening of the larynx with palpation, tenderness of the neck, dysphagia, odnyophagia (pain with swallowing), and |
|
|
Term
| what are the ranges of tumor? |
|
Definition
TIS-T4 or TX
TIS = in situ/best
T4 = biggest tumor
TX = unclear |
|
|
Term
| what system allows us to gauge a cancer's development and patient's prognosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what are the ranges of a lymph node? |
|
Definition
N0-N3 or NX
N0 = not at all
N3 = all over the lymph nodes
NX = unclear |
|
|
Term
| what is the range of metastasis? |
|
Definition
M0-M1
M0= not metastasized
M1= it has metastasized
MX = we don't know |
|
|
Term
| what is stage 0 cancer like? |
|
Definition
| carcinoma in situ - early form, no metasis, no node problems |
|
|
Term
| what is stage 1 cancer like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stage 2 cancer like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stage 3 cancer like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stage 4 cancer like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are four surgical treatments? |
|
Definition
| cordectomy, oartial laryngectomy/hemilaryngectomy, supraglottic laryngectomy, and laryngectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of one vocal fold |
|
|
Term
| what is "good news" with a cordectomy? |
|
Definition
| leaves one VF behind, so it can vibrate against the remaining structures |
|
|
Term
| hemilaryngectomy/partial laryngectomy |
|
Definition
| half of the larynx is removed (sagittal section) |
|
|
Term
| supraglottic laryngectomy |
|
Definition
| The laryngeal structures above the glottis are cut out so the true VFs remain and can vibrate normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete removal of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| what are the respiratory changes after a laryngectomy? |
|
Definition
| the larynx can no longer keep food out of the airway and the nose no longer conditions air on its way to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what are sensory changed after a laryngectomy? |
|
Definition
| taste and smell are closely connected so these are different for the patient - so it might decrease the person's appetite because they can't taste food. (olfactory receptors) |
|
|
Term
| what are the four life changes after laryngectomy? |
|
Definition
| repiratory changes, activity changes, sensation changes, and communication changes |
|
|
Term
| electrolarynx/artificial larynx |
|
Definition
| in the neck and creates a buzzing tone which lets the person talk (sometimes it's not in the neck, but is intra-oral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the patient learns to set the upper esophageal sphincter into vibration and shape the resulting tone |
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage of the electrolarynx? disadvantages? |
|
Definition
advantage: it doesn't require extra surgery, easy to use/ready to go, small, etc.
disadvantage: painful, lack of hands, society would consider it a handicap, etc. |
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage of esophageal speech? disadvantages? |
|
Definition
advantages:
disadvantages: |
|
|
Term
| what would the resulting voice be different when using esophageal speech? |
|
Definition
advantages: no need for external devices, cost efficient, using your own body, etc.
disadvantages: labored, short phrases, low and monotone speech, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a second surgery, a prosthesis is placed that allows the patient to direct air from the trachea into the esophagus, setting the UES into vibration. |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages and disadvantages to tracheoesophageal speech? |
|
Definition
advantages: more fluent speech, more natural speech phrasing,
disadvantages: sometimes has to be manually blocked, monotone voice, etc. |
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