Term
| what is an abnormal opening or fissure in an anatomical structure that is normally closed? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four different causes of clefts? which are endogenous? which are exogenous? |
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Definition
endogenous: chromosomal etiologies and genetic etiologies
exogenous: teratogens and mechanical causes |
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Term
| do clefts occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome? |
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Definition
| both: a syndrome is a characteristic of co-occuring symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic substances (exogenous) |
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Term
| what is aneuploidy? give an example. |
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Definition
having an abnormal number of chromosomes
EG: trisomy 13, downs syndrome, Edwards, and Patal syndrome |
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Term
| what are the only three chromosomal etiologies associated with life? |
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Definition
| downs syndrome, Edwards, and Patal syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| missing one chromosome (rather than a pair) |
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Term
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Definition
| description of a set of chromosomes |
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Term
| what tells us what's going on with the chromosomes: EG: how many and which chromosomes each individual has? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many pairs of chromosomes do we have? |
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Definition
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Term
| when do chromosomal errors happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three types of genetic etiologies? |
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Definition
1. autosomal recessive
2. autosomal dominant
3. x-linked |
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Term
| what is autosomal recessive? |
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Definition
| uncommon: both parents have to pass on the gene for you to show symptoms -- more disorders are dominant |
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Term
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Definition
| only one parent has to have it for you show signs |
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Term
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Definition
| carried on the x chromosome -- Gets passed to male children because they have to get it from their mothers – Thus, a female child may not have it at all or it may be less severe. A male will get it from the mother. |
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Term
| what is multifactoral inheritance? |
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Definition
| genes and the envionrment play a role -- EG: if you have two babies with the same genotype, raised in different environment (Farmers v. Urban setting) |
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Term
| what are examples of teratogens? |
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Definition
| maternal smoking, alcohol use, medications, infection/viruses, deficiency in B6, lead exposure, and exposure to environmental toxins |
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Term
| why are females more vulnerable to teratogens? |
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Definition
| because their palates close more slowly than males |
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Term
| what are the three types of mechanical causes? |
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Definition
| amniotic banding, uterine anomalies, and interuterine crowding |
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Term
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Definition
| tissues can wrap around the face and interrupt development |
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Term
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Definition
some women have uterus anomalies -- if the baby is implanted too close to the deformity it may stop the baby from closing the structures in a proper fashion
EG: T-shaped uterus, uterine septum, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| if a woman is carrying multiple embryos and it's "crowded" |
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Term
| genetically, when is it set in stone if a baby will have a cleft? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the incidence of cleft lips? |
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Definition
| approximately 1 in 700-1000 live births |
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Term
| what are the three types of cleft lips? |
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Definition
| complete (into the nostril), incomplete, or microform (rare) |
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Term
| what does a complete cleft lip look like? |
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Definition
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Term
| is a cleft lip unilateral or bilateral? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most common type of cleft? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the incidence of a primary cleft palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are clefts of the primary palate located? |
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Definition
| anterior to the incisive foramen |
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Term
| what is a complete primary cleft palate? |
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Definition
| it reaches the incisive foramen |
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Term
| what is an incomplete primary cleft palate? |
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Definition
| it stops short of the incisive foramen (having a little notch in the alveolus) |
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Term
| is a primary cleft palate unilateral or bilateral? |
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Definition
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Term
| the most common primary cleft palate occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are secondary cleft palates located? |
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Definition
| posterior to the incisive foramen (includes the hard and soft palate) |
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Term
| what is a complete secondary palate? |
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Definition
| reaches from the uvula to the incisive foramen |
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Term
| what is an incomplete secondary palate? |
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Definition
| any clefting of the secondary palate that doesn't go to the incisive foramen: may include part of the velum |
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Term
| t/f: secondary soft palate clefts can be unilateral or bilateral |
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Definition
| false: only secondary hard palate clefts can be unilateral or bilateral |
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Term
| what is a submucous secondary cleft? |
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Definition
| occurs beneath the mucosa (overt v. occult) |
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Term
| what are the three classic signs of overt clefts? |
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Definition
| bifid uvula, zona pellucida looking blueish when a light is shown on it, and a notch at the posterior edge of the hard palate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| is there an obvious gap in a submucus cleft? |
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Definition
| NO - there is just missing tissue |
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Term
| what are the two types of facial clefts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| could go up to the eyes or way above the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| cleft of the midline - could result in a bifid nose |
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Term
| because of clefting: missing palatine aponeurosis affects important muscles for what? |
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Definition
| attachment sites for muscles and attach posterior portion of the maxilla instead of the structure running down the center of the velum and the muscles can't do their jobs. |
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Term
| how does clefting effect the eustachian tube? |
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Definition
| it can make the eustachian tube not clear out ear gunk and cause problems with hearing |
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Term
| because of clefting: the levator veli palentini can't do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| because of clefting: muscle fibers attach where? |
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Definition
| to the posterior margin of the hard palate |
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Term
| because of clefting: normal function is impeded for the levator veli palentine and the tensor veli palentini which effects what? |
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Definition
| swallowing, resonance, and Eustachian tube function |
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Term
| what two muscles are very much affected by clefting? |
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Definition
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