What Pope first sent armed troops to the Holy Land to recover it from Muslim domination?

What year did Urban II send troops to the Holy Land?

Who was Alexius I?

He was the Ruler of the Eastern Empire and asked Urban II to send help.

What did Alexius want the Roman Pope to do?

He wanted him to send some Knights to repel the Muslim invaders.

What was Urban II’s central concern in the famous sermon he preached at Clermont?

Recovery and restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

What is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher?

The Church built over a traditional site of Christ’s tomb.

What did Urban II promise to every crusader who went to the Holy Land on Crusade?

When Urban appealed to the people of Europe to go to the holy Land he was asking them go on a pilgrimage…a military pilgrimage. What is a pilgrimage?

What is an indulgence?

It is like a spiritual reward for some physical act.

About how many people actually arrived in the Holy Land on the Crusade?

It is hard to be exact but probably around 30,000.

Was the first Crusade successful?

Yes, if you mean, “Did it regain the Holy Land?” No, if you focus on the overall damage it did.

What year did the Crusaders capture Jerusalem?

1099

What did the Crusaders do in Jerusalem that so angers modern day Muslims?

They killed all the inhabitants of of Jerusalem, turned the Dome of the Rock into a Church, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque, into a stable.

How long was Jerusalem in the hands of the Crusaders?

How many Crusades were there altogether?

Seven or eight

What was the most tragic of all the Crusades?

Who was the principal character in the Crusade in question 11?

A young French boy named Stephen. He claimed he had seen Jesus and had been commanded to liberate the Holy Land using children instead of grownups.

What miracle did the character in question 13 promise?

He promised the sea would be parted and the Crusaders could walk to the Holy Land.

What finally happened to the Crusaders in th Children's Crusade?

They were all lost. Some drowned at sea while others were kidnapped, murdered or sold as slaves.

When all hope of recovering the Holy Land was finally lost, the church turned to other methods or actions that allowed people to obtain indulgences. What was the principal method or action used?

The Church focused on pilgrims observing relics and spiritual artifacts for a fee.

What is a relic?

Since people had to pay to view relics to receive an indulgence, it led to lots of corruption. What was the popular conception of medieval Christians regarding the connection?

The popular misconception was that a person could buy salvation or reduced time in purgatory.

What is purgatory?

It is a place, in Catholic theology, where Christians must be purged of the temporal penalty of their sin before they can go to highest heaven.

Is the idea of purgatory biblical?

No

What is the biblical view of what happens to Christian when they die?

The biblical view is that when a Christian is absent from the body (that is, when they die) they are immediately ushered into the presence of God.

Who does the Bible say is the Father of the Arabic people?

Abraham through Ishmael

Why was Ishmael born?

Because Abraham, having grown tired of waiting on God’s promise, listened to the advice or counsel of his wife Sarah and fathered a child through her Egyptian handmaid Hagar.

Who is the undisputed founder of Islam?

Muhammed

What year was Muhammed born?

570 AD

When did Muhammed die?

632 AD

How was Muhammed supposed to have received the Qu’ran?

It was supposed to have been dictated to him by the angel Gabriel

What is the “holy book” of Islam?

Qu’ran or Koran

What are the chapters or books of the Qu’ran called?

Suras

How many suras are in the Qu’ran?

114

What is distinctive about the arrangement of the suras of the Qu’ran?

They are arranged from longest to shortest…in other words the longest is at the beginning of the Qu’ran. The next sura is the next to longest. The shortest is at the end.

What are the five pillars of Islam?

Confession of faith.

 Prayer.

Tithing.

Fasting.

Pilgrimage

What are the two principal sects (denominations) in Islam?

The Sunnis and the Shias

What is the most important Sunni country today?

Saudi Arabia

What is the most important Shia country today?

Iran

What was that originally divided the two sects of Islam?

They disagreed over who was the rightful heir to Muhammed. The Sunnis argued anyone properly experienced could succeed him. The Shias insisted the successor be related to Muhammed.

Which is the larger of the two sects?

Sunnis make up 80-90% of all of  Muslims.

What is the holiest site in Islam?

Mecca

Why is it the holiest site of Islam?

What is jihad?

Jihad is the Arabic word for struggle. In modern usage it is come to be associated with terroristic acts by Muslims in a desire to overthrow Western Christianity

What is the Caliphate?

It is the rule of Muslim Caliphs. It is the desire of most Sunnis to reestablish the Caliphate and institute sharia law. Originally the Calipahte was a a collection of countries under complete Muslim control and law.

What or who is the 12^th Imam?

He is something like a Muslim messiah who is supposed to come back at the end of times with Jesus to restore order and peace. More radical Muslims want to create chaos so bad he will be forced to return.   (Ex. The President of Iran)

What country in Europe was dominated my Muslims for almost 700 years?

Spain

What were the Muslims in Spain called?

Moors…since they came from Morocco

Where was the Muslim advance into Europe stopped? Who stopped it?

The Battle of Tours 732 AD, Charles “the Hammer” Martel

Why was Bernard of Clairvaux so concerned about monastic reform?

He was concerned about monastic reform because so many monasteries had become rich, fat, and happy. They had lost their love of service and of poverty, and they had lost their love of the Bible.

What specific ability set Bernard apart?

His ability to preach and teach the Bible

Was Bernard able to read Greek or Hebrew?

No, he only read Latin but he had huge sections of the Bible and the Church Fathers memorized.

What’s a church father?

It is an early church theologian or writer from the period after the apostles: men like Athanasius or Augustine

Bernard’s influence was enduring. In particular, one reformation character was deeply affected by Bernard’s writing. Who was it?

John Calvin

Who wrote Why the God Man?

Anselm

What was Anselm’s chief concern in Why the God Man?

To argue for the satisfaction view of the atonement

What position did Anselm hold in the church?

Archbishop of Canterbury (England)

What are the three major views of the atonement just prior to the Reformation?

Ransom to Satan View

Moral Influence View

Satisfaction View

What does the Ransom to Satan View teach?

It teaches that Jesus died to ransom sinners from Satan

What does the Moral Influence View teach? 

What does the Satisfaction View teach? 

It teaches that Christ’s death satisfied God’s justice by actually paying the penalty of God’s justice.

Why is the moral influence view sometimes called the deterrent view?

It is called that because as Christians think about the crucifixion they are supposed to see the seriousness of sin and be encouraged to stop sinning.

Would it be a bad thing for a Christian to stop sinning (reduce sinning) as a result of considering the resurrection?

There is nothing wrong with sinning less…that’s a good thing. The problem comes when a person think they are going to get to heaven by being good…that’s called works righteousness.

Which of the three views of the atonement eventually became the most widely accepted view?

Satisfaction view

What view of the atonement did Abelard hold?

He held the moral influence view.

What was the name of the girl with whom Abelard was involved? Later on they wrote many love letters to each other?

Heloise

What was the name of Abelard’s most famous book?

Yes and No

What is the Great Schism?

The Great Schism is the divide or division (schism means division or break) in the Catholic Church that occurred just prior to the Reformation. It concerned where the papacy was to reside…France or Italy.

When did the Great Schism occur?

1378

What is the Babylonian Captivity of the Church?

Basically, it is the same thing as the Great Schism but from the perspective of those that wanted the papacy to stay in Italy. They argued that the French pontiffs carried off the church in Captivity to Avignon.

How did the Great Schism start?

It started when the King of France, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII got into a argument. Philip eventually took and army to Rome and unseated Boniface who was replaced by a Pope who happened to be a Frenchman.

Why did the appointment of a French Pope lead to the Great Schism?

The Great Schism sprang from the fact that the new Pope, Clement V, did not like Rome and moved his summer palace to France.

Where was the French papacy located…what city?

Avignon

How did the papacy come to stay in France?

The new French Popes appointed French Cardinals who in turn appointed other French Popes who did not return to Italy but stayed in France.

What incident sparked the appointment of two Popes during the same period of time?

Italy invented one of the later French Popes to visit Rome. While there, the Pope died, and the Italians forced the French Cardinals to appoint an Italian Pope. Once the Cardinals left Rome, however, they appointed a French Pope instead…then there two Popes in power…one in Avignon and one in Rome.

How was the Great Schism eventually settled?

At the Council of Constance, the Church deposed three popes and appointed a concilliar (a person to make peace) Pope.

What else happened at the Council of Constance?

The Church passed sentence on the Czech Reformer John Huss and burned him at the stake. His chief crime was that he preached against indulgences and preached in Czech rather than in Latin.

The common people loved them.

The authorities both church and state hated them.

Matthew

Mark

Luke

John

Acts

Romans

1 & 2 Corinthians

Galatians

Ephesians

Philippians

Colossians

1 & 2 Thessalonians

1 & 2 Timothy

Titus

Philemon

James

1 & 2 Peter

1, 2 & 3 John

Jude

ostraca,

papyrus,

parchment