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A set of guidelines to assist the researcher in conducting ethical research.
Three Areas:
1) relationship between society and science.
2) Professional Issues.
3) Treatment of research participants. |
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Fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results.
*Best way of combating this is by developing an institutional culture of ethical behavior. |
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| The investigator's conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project. |
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| Acting for the benefit of others. |
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Fidelity and Responsibility |
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| refers to the way psychologists interact with others. They aspire to develop trusting relationships with others. |
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| Psychologists strive to be honest, accurate, and truthful in teaching, research, and other professional activities. |
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| Everyone should have access to and be able to receive the benefits and contributions of psychology. Everyone should be treated justly and should have access to equal quality services. |
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Respect for People's Rights and Dignity |
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| This principle states that psychologists are to respect the worth and dignity of everyone and that everyone has the right of privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. |
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Ethical Issues to consider when conducting research |
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| Institutional Approval Informed Consent Deception Debriefing Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy |
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| Most, if not all, institutions that have active research have a requirement that all human research is reviewed by an IRB. |
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| refers to fully informing the research participants about all aspects of the study. |
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Dispensing with Informed Consent |
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| the current Ethics Code recognizes that there might be times when it is appropriate to ___ ___ ____ ____. This is good reason to _ _ _ _ in some studies because the integrity of the data can be compromised. |
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Informed consent for minors |
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| permission must be granted from a legally authorized person. Consent is obtained from the minor's parents or legal guardian after they have been informed of all the features of the study that might affect their willingness to allow their child to participate. |
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| In addition to parental consent for minors to participate in studies, the minor must agree to participate in the research after receiving an appropriate explanation or appropriate language they can understand. |
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| involves consenting to participate in a research study by verbally agreeing and signing a consent form. |
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| the process where parents or legal guardians give consent not by returning the consent form. They return the consent form only if they do not want the child to participate in the research. |
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| deception by commission, when the researcher deliberately misleads the research participants such as when they are given false information about the purpose of the experiment or when they are deliberately led to believe that a confederate is a research participant. |
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| refers to deception by omission, when certain information is withheld from the research participants, such as not giving the research participants all the details of an experiment. |
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| refers to a post experimental interview or discussion with the participant about the purpose and details of the study, including an explanation for use of any deception. |
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| refers to debriefing participants about any deception that the researcher may have used. * the problem is one of convincing the participant that the fraudulent information given, was indeed fraudulent. |
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| refers to debriefing the participants about their behavior. If the experiment has made participants aware that they have some undesirable features (that they would or could harm others), then the debriefing procedure should attempt to help the participants deal with this new information. |
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Coercion and freedom to decline participation |
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| the Ethics Code specifically states that psychologists should not exploit the individuals over whom they have some authority. This includes students and clients or patients. |
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| refers to controlling other people's access to information about a person. There are two aspects of _ 1) a persons freedom to identify the time and circumstances under which information is shared with or withheld from others. 2)the persons right to decline receiving information that he or she does not want. |
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| refers to keeping the identity of the research participants unknown. -- is obtained if the researcher cannot connect the data collected with any specific participant. |
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| refers to an agreement with research investigators about what might be done with the information obtained about a research participant. This menas the information obtained although known to the research group, will not be revealed to anyone other than the researcher or his or her staff. |
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Ethical issues in Electronic Research |
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| Informed Consent and Internet Research Privacy and Internet Research Debriefing and Internet research |
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Informed consent and internet research |
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Definition
| A consent for can be placed online for the participant to read it and check a box next to the statement such as "I agree to the above consent form". The accompanying issue of whether the participant comprehends the information contained in the consent for and answering any questions they may have. a suggestion is to list FAQ on the site or provide a 24 hr phone line. |
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Privacy and internet research |
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| it might be possible to guarantee a greater degree of privacy of research data collected over the internet than in standard studies. Data transmitted over the internet can be encrypted, and if no identifying information is collected, the only connection that could possibly lead to a participant is the internet protocol (IP) address. IP addresses identify machines not individuals, so the only way an IP address could be connected to a participant is if the participant is the sole user of the machine or computer. |
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Debriefing an internet research |
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| options researchers can use: 1) require the participant to provide an email address so that a debriefing statement can be sent to them. 2) Provide a "leave the study" radio button on every page that will direct them to a debriefing page. 3)Incorporate a debriefing page into the program driving the experiment that directs the participant to this page if the study is terminated prior to completion. |
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Ethical Issues in preparing the research paper |
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Definition
| Authorship Writing the research report |
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| Authorship is used to identify the individual or individuals who are responsible for the study. The individuals who received the authorship should be confined to individuals who have made a substantial contribution to the conceptualization, design, execution, analysis, or interpretation of the study being reported. The order of authorship if typically from the most substantial contribution to the least. |
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writing the research report |
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| the primary ethical guideline that must be followed in _ _ _ _ is honesty and integrity. You should never fabricate or falsify any information presented, and you should report the methodology used in collecting and analyzing the data as accurately as possible. |
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| occurs when you copy someone else's work but do not give them appropriate credit. Using work produced by someone else and calling it one's own. |
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Safeguards in the use of animals |
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| there are many safeguards that have been instituted to ensure laboratory animals receive humane and ethical treatment. The Animal Welfare Act, enforced by the Department of Agriculture, governs the care and use of many research animals and conducts unannounced inspections of both public and private animal research facilities. Additionally, institutions conducting animal research, and covered by the act, are required to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) that reviews each research protocol. |
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| concerned with improving laboratory conditions and reducing the number of animals needed in research. |
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| focuses on the rights of animals. This position states that animals have the same rights as humans and should not be used in research. Because, there is often no substitute for the use of animals as research participants, the focus of attention is on animal welfare, which concerns the humane treatment of animals. |
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Justification of the research |
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| Research using animals should be undertaken only when there is a clear scientific purpose and a reasonable expectation that the research will increase our knowledge of the processes underlying behavior, increase our understanding of the species under study, or result in benefits to the health or welfare of humans or other animals. |
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| all personnel involved in animal research should be familiar with the guidelines. Any procedure used by the research personnel must conform with federal regulations regarding personnel, supervision, record keeping, and veterinary care. |
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Care and housing of animals |
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| The APA does not stipulate any specific guidelines but rather states that psychologists familiar with a given species should take measures, such as enriching the environment, to enhance the psychological well being of the species. |
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| animals used in laboratory experiments should be lawfully purchased from a qualified supplier or bred in the psychologist's facility. Endangered species should only be used with full attention to required permits and ethical concerns. |
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| The design and conduct of the study should involve humane consideration for the animals' well being. In addition to the procedures governed by guideline I, "Justification of the research: the researcher should adhere to certain points. see pg 123 |
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| _ _ because of its potential for damaging sensitive ecosystems and communities, must receive IACUC approval, although observational research may be exempt. Psychologists conducting field research should disturb their population as little as possible and make every effort to minimize potential harmful effects on the population under investigation. |
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Educational Use of animals |
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| Although animals can be used for educational purposes after review of the planned use by the appropriate institutional committee, some procedures that might be appropriate for research purposes might not be justified for educational purposes. Classroom demonstrations using live animals can be valuable instructional aids - as can videotapes, films, and other alternatives. |
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| The National Institutes of Mental Health funded Dr. Doom's study of the effect of treating obsessive-compulsive disorder with a new drug produced by one of the biomedical companies. Dr. Doom reported that his research found the new drug was more effective than any prior treatment of the disorder. However, a detailed investigation of Dr. Doom's research revealed that he fudged and manipulated some of the data to show these results. This ethical issue falls under which of the following areas? |
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| Obtaining informed consent meets the aspirational or moral principle of |
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| respect for people's rights and dignity |
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| Assume that you are a member of the IRB and are presented with a research protocol stating that the researcher wants to test a new treatment for autistic children. Although the new treatment holds out a promise of benefiting the children in the study and yielding new knowledge, it also includes some troublesome components that might create severe emotional stress for the children. Having to consider the benefits of the research as well as the distress this might cause |
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| creates an ethical dilemma |
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| When you are proposing a research study that uses minors as the research participants you must |
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| 1)Get informed consent from their parent or guardian AND 2) Get the child's assent to participate in the research study |
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| The committee that reviews the care and use of nonhuman animals in research is the |
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| A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories. |
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| The assignment of symbols or numbers to something according to a set of rules. |
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| Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio |
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| Simplest and most basic type of measurement. Qualitative.Used to name, categorize, or classify (gender, marital status, memory strategy, type of therapy, etc.) |
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| Used to rank order objects or individuals (order of finish in a race, social class, letter grade, etc.) |
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Used to rank order, plus has equal intervals or distances between adjacent numbers (Celsius temperature, Fahrenheit temperature, IQ scores, year, etc.)
Psychological Measurement most widely used! |
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| Fully quantitative, includes rank ordering, equal intervals, plus has an absolute zero point. |
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Psychometric properties of good measurement |
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| the consistency or stability of scores. |
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| a type of correlation used as an index of reliability. It should be a strong and positive (i.e, >.70) to indicate strong consistency of relationship. |
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| Consistency of a group of individuals' scores on a test over time. |
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Equivalent-Forms Reliability |
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| Consistency of a group of individuals' scores on two versions of the same test. |
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Internal consistency reliability |
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Definition
consistency with which items on a test measure a single construct.
Coefficient alpha/cronbach's alpha is common index
should be +0.70 or higher |
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Coefficient alpha/Cronbach's Alpha |
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Definition
| The most frequently used index of internal consistency also called Cronbach's alpha. Coeffient alpha should be .70 or higher and a high value is evidence that the items are consistency measuring the same thing. |
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| The degree of consistency or agreement between two or more scores, judges, observers, or raters. |
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| The percentage of time that different observers' ratings are in agreement. |
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Accuracy of inferences, interpretations, or actions made on the basis of test scores.
Does it meausre what you think you are measuring? |
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| The way a construct is represented and measured in a particular research study. also called operational definition. |
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| Gathering of evidence supporting inferences to be made on the basis of the scores obtained from the operations of measurement. |
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Content-related evidence or content validity |
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| Judgment by experts of the degree to which items, tasks, or questions on a test adequately represent the construct. |
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| Prima Facie judgment of whether the items appear to represent the construct and whether the test or instrument looks valid. |
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Multidimensional construct |
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| Construct consisting of two or more dimensions; contrasted with a unidimensional construct. |
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| A statistical analysis procedure used to determine the number of dimensions present in a set of items. |
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| The degree to which a set of items measures a single construct. |
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| The type of correlation coefficient used in validation research. |
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Criterion-related validity |
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| Degree to which scores predict or relate to a known criterion such as future performance on an already established test. |
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Definition
| Degree to which scores obtained at one time correctly predict the scores on a criterion at a later time. |
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| Degree to which scores obtained at one time correctly relate to the scores on a known criterion obtained at approximately the same time. |
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Convergent validity evidence |
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| Validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores correlate with independent measures of the same construct. |
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Discriminate validity evidence |
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| Validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores do not correlate with measures of different constructs. |
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Definition
| A. High Costs, Low benefits (not approved). B. High benefit, High cost to participants - create dilemma C. Little benefit, Little cost to participants - create difficulty. D. High benefit, low cost (approved). |
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| Evidence based on content Evidence based on internal structure Evidence based on relations to other variables |
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Evidence based on content |
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| Experts on the construct examine the test/scale content and determine whether the content adequately represents the construct. |
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Evidence based on internal structure |
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Definition
| Use factor analysis, which indicates how many constructs are present in the set of items. Also examine homogeneity of each set of unidimensional items by calculating item-to-total correlation and coefficient alpha. |
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Evidence based on relations to other variables |
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Definition
| Determine whether the scores are related to known criterion by collecting concurrent and predictive validity evidence. ... |
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Known groups validity evidence |
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| Degree to which groups that are known to differ on a construct actually differ according to the test used to measure the construct. |
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| The reference group (actual group of people) upon which reported reliability and validity evidence is based. |
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| Two most important sources of information about standardized tests |
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| 1. Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) 2. Tests in Print (TIP) |
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| It is very important to critically examine the sampling methods used. so that you can judge the quality of the study. |
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| The set of elements selected from a population. * It is a subset of the population. |
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| The basic unit selected, the basic unit of sampling. |
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| The full set of elements from which the sample is selected. |
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| refers to drawing elements from a population to obtain a sample. |
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| A sample that represents the population. The sample that is similar to the population on all characteristics (except that it includes fewer people, because it is a sample rather than the complete population. |
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Equal Probability of selection method (EPSEM) |
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| Sampling method in which each individual element has an equal probability of selection into the sample. |
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| A numerical characteristic of sample data. |
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| A numerical characteristic of a population. |
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| Differences between sample values and the true population parameter. |
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| Collection of data from everyone in the population. (rarely an option) |
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| A list of all the elements in a population. ex: a list of all the presidents of the APA since its founding in 1892. |
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| The percentage of people selected to be in a sample who actually participate in the research study. |
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| A non-representative sample. *samples that are not representative of a known population, |
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| Generalization to people, places, settings, and contents that are similar to those described in the research study. |
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Definition
| A popular and basic equal probability selection method. |
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Stratified random sampling |
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Definition
Division of population elements into mutually exclusive groups and then selection of a random sample from each group. EX: dividing the list of APA Presidents by gender.
proportional
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Definition
| The variable on which the population elements are divided for the purpose of stratified sampling. |
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Proportional stratified sampling |
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Definition
| Stratified sampling where the sample proportions are made to be the same as the population proportions on the stratification variable. |
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Disproportional stratified sampling |
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Definition
| Stratified sampling where the sample proportions are made to be different from the population proportions on the stratification variable. |
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Definition
| Sampling method where clusters are randomly selected. |
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| A collective type of unit that includes multiple elements, it has more than one element in it. ex: neighborhoods, families, schools etc. |
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One-stage cluster sampling |
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Definition
| Clusters are randomly selected and all the elements in the selected clusters constitute the sample. ex: randomly select 15 psychology classrooms you would include all of the students in those 15 psychology classrooms in your sample. |
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Two-stage cluster sampling |
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Definition
| Clusters are randomly selected, and a random sample of the elements is drawn from each of the selected clusters. ex: you randomly select 30 psychology classrooms but you randomly select 10 students from each of the 30 psychology classrooms. |
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Definition
| The sampling method where one determines the sampling interval (k), randomly selects an element between 1 and k, then selects every kth element. |
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Definition
| The population size divided by the desired sample size; it's symbolized by the letter k. ex:ex: assume your population is 100 in size and you want a sample of 10. In this case k is equal to 10 which is your sampling interval. Next assume your randomly selected number between 1 and 10 is 5. Last in addition to person 5, include every 10th person. (e.g.5, 15, 25,35.) 5+10=15+10=25=10=35 |
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| Problematic situation in systematic sampling that can occur if there is a cyclical pattern in the sampling frame. ex; occurs if you attached several ordered lists to one another. |
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Definition
| Use of people who are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited for inclusion in a sample. |
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| A researcher decides on the desired sample sizes or quotas for groups identified for inclusion in the sample, followed by convenience sampling from the groups. |
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Definition
| A researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and then locates individuals who have those characteristics. |
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| Each sampled person is asked to identify other potential participants with the inclusion characteristic. |
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| Selection of participants using a random sampling method. Random selection is very important for survey research which you need to generalize from a single sample directly to a population. |
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Definition
| Placement of participants into experimental conditions on the basis of a chance process. Used in experimental research to produce treatment and control groups. |
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Purpose of random assignment |
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Definition
| To produce two or more equivalent groups for use in an experiment. Produce two or more probabilistically equivalent groups for use in an experiment. |
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Purpose of random selection |
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Definition
| To obtain a representative sample. |
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Term
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Definition
A statistical program used to provide a recommended sample size. N population, n sample size : 10N 10n, 100N 80n, 1000N 278n...
Five simple rules for determining sample size:
1. If less than 100, use entire population
2. Larger sample sizes make it easier to detect an effect or relationship in the population
3.Larger sample sizes are needed if population is (heterogeneous,you want to break down the sample into multiple subcategories,when you expect a small effect or weak relationship, when you use less efficient methods of sampling, if you expect a low response rate. |
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Sampling Methods used in Qualitative Research |
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Definition
Qualitative research focuses on in-depth study of one or fewer cases.
Several different sampling methods are available. It is common to mix several different methods.
Maximum Variation Sampling, Extreme Case sampling, Homogenous sample selection, Typical case sampling, Critical case sampling, Negative case sampling, Opportunistic sampling |
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Definition
| Qualitative identification and selection of a wide range of cases for data collection and analysis. ex: psychotherapy clients with high or low self esteem. |
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Definition
| Qualitative Identification and selection of cases from the extreme poles of a dimension. ex psychotherapy clients very high and very low self esteem. |
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Definition
| Qualitative Identification and selection of a small and homogeneous group or set of homogenous cases for study. ex: adolescent girls for health diet study |
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Definition
| Qualitative Identification and selection of what is believed to be a typical average case. Ex college students w/o health insurance |
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Definition
| qualitative Identification and selection of particularly important cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative Identification and selection of cases that you believe will probably disconfirm your generalizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative Identification and selection of useful cases during the conduct of a research study |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of a combination of quantitative and qualitative sampling methods. |
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Term
| Which is the correct order of the scales of measurement? |
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Definition
| Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio |
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Term
Reliability of a test refers to |
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Definition
| The consistency or stability of test scores |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of assigning symbols or numbers to objects, events, people, or characteristics according to a specific set of rules. |
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Which sampling technique is an equal probability selection method (i.e. EPSEM) in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected? |
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Definition
| All the above are EPSEM: Simple random sampling, proportional stratified sampling, cluster sampling when clusters are of equal size. |
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Term
| Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and then including every kth element in your sample are the steps for which type of sampling? |
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Definition
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Term
| The purpose of random __________ is to produce a set of groups that are similar on all possible factors at the beginning of the assignment. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Truthfulness of inferences made from a research study. |
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4 Major types of validity |
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Definition
1)Statistical Conclusion Validity
2)Construct Validity
3)Internal Validity
4)External Validity
Every study must have at least Statistical Conclusion Validity
& Construct Validity |
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Statistical Conclusion Validity |
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Definition
| Validity of the inference made about whether the independent and dependent variables covary. The validity of inferences made about the covariation between the independent and dependent variables. |
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Term
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Definition
Validity of the inference about the higher-order constructs from the operations used to represent them. The extent to which a construct is adequately represented by the measures used in a research study.
Constructs are used for: participants, independent variables, dependent variables and experimental settings. |
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Definition
| Validity of the inference that the independent and dependent variables are causally related. |
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Definition
| Validity of the inference about whether the causal relationship holds over people, settings, treatment variables, measurement variables, and time. |
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Statistically significant |
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Definition
| The observed relationship is probably not due to chance. |
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Threats to construct validity |
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Definition
| Inadequate explanation of the construct Construct confounding Mono-Operation bias Mono-method bias Confounding constructs with level of constructs Treatment sensitive factorial structure Reactive self-report changes Participant reactivity to the experimental situation Experimenter effects Novelty and disruption effects Compensatory equalization Compensatory rivalry Treatment diffusion |
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Inadequate explanation of the construct |
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Definition
| if a construct is not adequately explained and analyzed, it can lead to operations that do not represent the construct adequately |
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Term
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Definition
| the operations used in the study represent more than one construct |
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Term
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Definition
| a study uses one operationalization of a construct. This typically results in an underrepresentation of the construct and lowers construct validity. |
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Definition
| a study uses only one method to operationalize a construct. When this occurs, the method used might influence the results |
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Confounding constructs with level of constructs |
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Definition
| a study investigates only a few levels of a construct, but makes inferences about the overall construct. |
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Treatment sensitive factorial structure |
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Definition
| an instrumentation change that occurs because of the experimental treatment. |
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Term
Reactive self-report changes |
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Definition
| changes that a research participant might make on self-report measures as a result of a motivational shift after being included in the experimental study. |
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Term
Participant reactivity to the experimental situation |
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Definition
| research participant's perceptions and motives can effect the responses they make to the dependent variable, and theses responses can be interpreted as part of the treatment construct being tested. Research participant’s motives and tendencies that affect their perceptions of the situation and their responses on the dependent variable. |
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Definition
| the experimenter's attributes and expectations can influence the responses made by the research participants, and these responses can be interpreted as part of the treatment construct being tested. |
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Term
Novelty and disruption effects |
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Definition
| research participants usually respond better to a new and novel situation and poorly to one that disrupts their routine. |
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Compensatory equalization |
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Definition
| individuals try to provide the same benefits or services to the control group that are received by the treatment group. |
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Definition
| individuals resent being assigned to the control group and respond more negatively than would be expected, because of the resentment they feel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals in one treatment group receive some or all of another group’s treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the cues available in an experiment, such as instructions, rumors, or setting characteristics, that influence the responses of participants. |
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Term
Positive self-presentation |
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Definition
| Participant’s motivation to respond in such a way as to present themselves in the most positive manner |
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Term
Experimenter Expectancies |
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Definition
Biasing experimenter effects attributable to the researcher's expectations about the outcome of the experiment.
-effect on experimenter - recording bias
-effect on research participant
to make positive presentation
effect also on animals
-mediated of expectancies
handling in animal research |
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Term
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Definition
| Biasing experimenter effects attributable to the physical and psychological characteristics of the researcher. |
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Term
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Definition
The correctness of inferences made by researchers about cause and effect.
criteria for identifying a causal relation
-cause IV must be related to the effect DV (relationship condition)
-changes in IV must precede changes in DV (temporal order condition)
-no other plausible explanation must exist for the effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when extraneous variable co-occurs with the independent variable and affects the dependent variable |
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Term
Confounding extraneous variable |
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Definition
| An extraneous variable that co-occurs with the independent variable and effects the dependent variable. |
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Term
Threats to internal validity |
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Definition
| 1)Constancy 2)Equating the groups 3)History 4)Differential History 5)Maturation 6)Instrumentation 7)Testing 8)Regression Artifact 9)Attrition 10) Selection 11) Additive and Interactive Effects |
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Term
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Definition
| The influence of an extraneous variable is same on all of the independent variable groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using control strategies to make the influence of extraneous variables constant across the independent variable groups so that the only systematic difference between the groups is due to the influence of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| *The first threat to internal validity! An event that can produce the outcome, other than the treatment condition, that occurs during the study before posttest measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups in a multigroup design experience different history events that result in differences on the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical or mental change that occurs with the passage of time and affects dependent variable scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes from pretest to posttest in the assessment or measurement of the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in a person's score on a second administration of a test resulting from having previously taken the test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects that appear to be due to the treatment but are due to regression to the mean. |
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Term
Regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| A synonym for regression artifacts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of participants because they don't show up or they drop out of the research study |
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Term
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Definition
| In a multigroup design, groups become different on an extraneous variable because of differences in the loss of participants across the groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of nonequivalent groups because a different selection procedure operates across the groups. |
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Term
Additive and interactive effects |
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Definition
| Differences between groups is produced because of the combined affect of two or more threats to internal validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups are exposed to the same history event, but they react differently because they were not equated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups undergo different rates of maturation because they were not equated. |
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Term
Selection-instrumentation |
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Definition
| The groups react to changes in instrumentation differently because they were not equated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups react to pretest differently, because they were not equated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups show different amounts of regression to the mean, because they were not equated. |
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Term
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Definition
Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across other people, settings, treatments, outcomes, and times.
a failure to generalize can result from several factors:
-lack of random selection
-chance variation 5% of the time
-failure to identify interactive effects of IVs |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across the people in the target population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The large population to which the researcher would like to generalize the study results. |
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Term
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Definition
| The population of research participants that is practically available to the investigator. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across settings or environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which the results can be generalized across time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Values on the dependent variable vary by season |
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Term
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Definition
| Any type of systematic up-and-down movement on the dependent variable over time. |
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Term
Treatment Variation Validity |
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Definition
| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across variations in the treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across different but related dependent variables. |
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Term
| When we talk about the validity of psychological research studies we are referring to: |
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Definition
| All the above Statistical conclusion validity, Internal validity, Construct validity, External validity. |
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Term
| If a research study permits you to accurately infer that the independent variable is the cause of the changes observed in the dependent variable, then you have a study |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Know conducted an experiment on youth violence and found that his treatment was effective when he conducted it at the Strickland Youth Center; so he also tried it at the boys club testing which threat to external validity? |
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Definition
Ecological validity threat |
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Term
| If a research study revealed that the independent and dependent variables covary in the study sample, and they really do covary the population, the study has, |
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Definition
Statistical conclusion validity |
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Term
| John Brown has signed up for a social psychology study. His friend just completed the study and told him that he experienced smoke coming into the room while they were completing some questionaires. His friend told him that he thought the study was investigating a reaction to the smoke and not the response to the questionaires. When John arrived at the experimental site and heard the experimenter's instructions, he evaluated things he was told to see if the experiment was actually about the reaction to the smoke. John's behavior |
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Definition
Represents an example of demand characteristics. |
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Term
| Dr. Prediction conducted an experiment investigating future predictions of violent behavior and found that children who hurt animals are more likely to become spouse abusers. From the results of this study, he wrote a book that had as its thesis the fact that parents should use children's behavior toward pets as an indication of their furture behavior toward others, and if they see them consistently abuse pets, they should get their children some help. In suggesting that his experiment applies to other children, Dr. Prediction assumes that his study |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A system of moral values by which you judge behavior |
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Term
Relationship between science and society |
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Definition
-government funding of scientific research
congressional influence on which studies are funded
-corporate funding of scientific research
drug research, etc
can present a conflict of interest with researcher's activities and can lead to public distrust of science |
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Term
Treatment of research participants |
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Definition
Primary concern in ethics!
-most fundamental issue confronted by scientists
-at risk for physical or psychological harm
-scientists obligated to consider the ehtics of conducting the necessary research |
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Term
Studies contributing to ethical emphasis |
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Definition
1. Milgrams study: Will you harm someone if an authority figure tells you to. Study involved electrical currents
2. Humphrey's study: Gay men seeking consenual sexual relationships in public restrooms.
3.Tuskogee Experiment: Progression of sifilius |
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Term
Information submitted in a research proposal |
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Definition
Purpose of the research
Relevant background and rationale for the research
Participant population
Experimental design and methodology
Incentives offered if any
Risks and benefits to the participants and precautions to be taken
Privacy and confidentiality of the data collected |
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Term
5 general moral principles |
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Definition
Beneficience and nonmaleficence
Fidelity and responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for peoples rights |
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Term
APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct |
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Definition
- 10 standards of conduct
*Standard 8
History:
1946 Nuremburg Code- results of WWII Nazi inhumane research
1953 APA Ethical Principlesof Psychologists and Code of Conduct
1979 Belmont Report |
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Term
Ethics of Animal Research |
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Definition
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
The Animal Welfare Act (1966)
APA Ethics Code Standard 8.09 |
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Term
| John wanted to assess the reliability of a test measuring the extent to whcih a person loves someone. The best way to measure reliability of this test would be to use |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
uni- vs multi-dimensional
-factor analysis a statistical procedure used to determine the number of dimensions present in a set of items. |
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Term
| John wanted to assess the number of dimensions that were included in the measure of depression he had developed. In doing so he would |
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Definition
conduct a statistical analysis known as factor analysis |
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Term
| John was conducting a survey on political affiliation in Alabama so he sent a survey questionaire to q000 individuals randomly selected from utility records. After getting the results of the survey from 650 of those individuals, he calculated the percentage of individuals who state they are republican, democrat, or independent. The percentage scores he calculated are |
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Definition
statistic summerizing the data from the 650 respondents. |
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Term
| John wanted to determine what male and female Alabama voters thought about gambling as a way of generating revenue for education so he identified the percentage of male and female voters and randomly sample that specific percentage from the voting records in the state. What sampling method did John use? |
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Definition
Stratified Random Sampling |
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Term
| John wanted to conduct a study investigating the ability to create a false memory. He wanted 25 subject for each of the two conditions. One that represented a true memory and the other that was a false memory condition. What would Josh have to engage in to ensure that the two groups of subjects were maximally similar prior to manipulating the independent variable of type of memory. |
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Definition
randomly assign the subjects to conditions |
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Term
Threats to Internal Validity |
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Definition
- Primary threat: confounding extraneous variables
-Extraneous Variable: a variable other than the IV
- Confounding extraneous variables: an extraneous variable that co-occurs
with the IV and affects the DV.
*Eliminate the confounding influence of extraneous variables by:
-holding their influence constant
-using random assignment to balance their influence |
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Term
| Josh wanted to test the effect of a new drug on treating ADHD so he gave a test to 100 students in high school that measured the extent to which a person had ADHD and selected his subjects that scored highest on the ADHD scale. A week later he tested the selcted subjects agin and found that these subjects ADHD scale score was significantly lower. He wanted to conclude that the reduction in the ADHD scal scor was due to the drug but it could also could have been due to a |
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Definition
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Term
Relationship between Internal and External Validity |
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Definition
-Relationship between internal and external validity is often inverse
-Factors that increase our ability to establish cause and effect tend to decrease our ability to generalize
-External validity is established through replication
-Emphasis of internal or external validity depends on whether or not a causal relationship has been established |
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