Term
| What is the definition of crude protein? |
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Definition
total nitrogen content X 6.25
(average N content in feed is assumed to be 16g N per 100g protein |
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Term
| What are the nitrogenous nutrients in crude protein? |
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Definition
Proteins
Oligpeptides & short peptides
Free amino acids
DNA/RNA/nucleotides/nucleosides/polyamines |
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Term
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Definition
-major N-containing group in feed
-made of various AA residues
-free AA and short peptides are released upon enzymatic hydrolysis & absorbed |
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Term
| Oligopeptides & short peptides (2 points) |
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Definition
-found in smaller quantities in feed
-enzymatic hydrolysis releases free AA & short peptides & absorbed |
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Term
| Free Amino Acids (2 points) |
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Definition
-rare in conventional feeds
-enzyme/chemical hydrolysis treatments of protein supplements can increase free AA levels as well as oligopeptides & short peptides |
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Term
| DNA/RNA/Nucleotides/Nucleosides/Polyamines |
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Definition
-small quantities in conventional feed
-high quantities in DDGS, dairy foods, sea foods
-DNA & RNA digested & absorbed as nucleotides and nucleosides
-promote trophic cellular growth |
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Term
Major biosynthetic roles of AAs
(5) |
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Definition
1. Substrates for bioactive peptide & protein synthesis (for hypertrophic cellular growth)
2. Signaling molecules to regulate hypertrophic & hyperplasic cellular growth, cellular metabolism
3. Precursors for nucleotide & nucleic acids
4. Precursors for glucose/ketone body synthesis, fatty acids (monogastrics) & glycogen (all animals)
5. Precursors for synthesis of neurotransmitters or acting directly as neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What pathway are AAs involved in which regulates cellular growth & metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acids act as precursors for synthesis of neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acids can act directly as neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the nutritional/metabolic roles of AAs, nucleotides and polyamines? |
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Definition
AAs:
-metabolic fuels (ATP production)
-buffering solutes to maintain physiological fluid pH
-maintaining osmolarity in physiological fluids
Nucleotides & polyamines:
-essential in trophic organ & tissue growth |
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Term
| What amino acids are essential in neonatal mammals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acids are semi-essential in adult mammals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of calves? |
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Definition
| milk or milk replacers containing milk protein (casein) |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of dry cows |
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Definition
Poor quality hay/roughage to maintain rumenal microflora, no need for protein supplements
-are not growing and do not need to produce milk protein |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of lactating cows? |
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Definition
Good quality protein supplements
e.g. soybean meal, linseed meal, canola meal, sunflower meal
-need to maintain ruminal microflora & synthesize body and milk protein |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of beef steer & replacement heifers? |
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Definition
Good quality protein supplements
e.g. soybean meal, linseed meal, canola meal, sunflower meal
-need to maintain ruminal microflora & synthesize body protein |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of monogastric herbivores? |
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Definition
grass or poor quality hay if not in work or producing
soybeal meal or other oil seed meal supplements should be given to working/reproducing animals to meet their crude protein & AA requirements |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of monogastric avian species? |
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Definition
High quality protein supplements needed to meet CP & AA requirements
e.g. soybean meal, canola meal, soybean protein concentrate, fish meal, meat & bone meal, hydrolyzed feather meal
-crystalline essential AA supplements to meet the AA requirements, especially if being fed a plant-based protein source |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of neonatal pigs? |
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Definition
-sows milk or milk replacer containing milk protein
-high quality protein supplements e.g. soybean protein isolate, canola meal protein isolate |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of weanling swine? |
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Definition
High quality protein supplements
e.g. soybean meal, soybean protein concentrate, fish meal, hydrolyzed feather meal
Further supplementation with crystalline essential AA's |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of reproducing swine, growing-finishing pigs and feeder pigs? |
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Definition
supplementation of soybean meal, canola meal, sunflower meal
-further supplementation of crystalline AAs |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of dogs? |
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Definition
-plant protein supplements are not very palatable
-prefer poultry meal, beef meal, bone meal, rendered meat meal etc |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of cats/minks/foxes? |
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Definition
-plant sourced proteins are not palatable/digestible
-prefer poultry meal, beef meal, bone meal, rendered meat meal etc |
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Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the protein needs of shrimp/fish? |
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Definition
| -soybean meal, soybean protein isolate, canola protein isolate, fish meal, meat & bone meal |
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Term
| How are crystalline pure essential AA's produced? |
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Definition
| via microbial fermentation |
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Term
| What are the common crystalline pure essential AAs? |
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Definition
DL-Met
L-Met
L-Thr
L-Trp
DL-MHA |
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