Term
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Definition
| all residual inorganic matters after complete burning of a feed sample, on an air-dry basis |
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Term
True or False
Crude ash contains no free water |
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Definition
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Term
| What is crude ash content in air-dry feed a good indicator of? |
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Definition
| total mineral & organic matter content |
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Term
| How do you calculate organic matter content? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a fish meal/meat and bone meal has high crude ash content but low organic matter content, what does this indicate? |
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Definition
| they are poor protein supplements |
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Term
| How are macro-minerals defined? |
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Definition
Concentration in the body is >50mg/kg (.005% body weight)
Dietary requirement is >100mg/kg (0.01% on air dry basis) |
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Term
| What macrominerals are required by animals? |
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Definition
Ca2+
P (as HPO42- or H2PO4-)
K+
Na+
Cl-
S (as SO42-)
Mg2+ |
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Term
| What are the top 3 most expensive nutrients in animal feeds? |
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Definition
energy feeds
protein
phosphorous |
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Term
| What are the major plant feed sources of calcium? Animal sources? |
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Definition
Plants: legume grasses, hay, oil seeds, oil seed meals (varying bioavailability)
Animal sources: meat and bone meal, fish meal, milk products (good bioavailability) |
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Term
| What are the major sources of iron from animal feed origins? Why are they highly bioavailable? |
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Definition
fish meal, beef meal, pork meal, blood meal
red meats are rich in heme Fe which is highly absorbable |
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Term
| Discuss the good inorganic & organic iron supplements in animal nutrition |
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Definition
Inorganic: Ferrous sulfate (Fe2+ is highly absorbable)
Organic: ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumarate, ferric ammonium citrate
Ferrous (2+) is absorbable while ferric (3+ is insoluble and not absorbable) |
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Term
| What are inositol, phytate, phytate-P and phytin? |
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Definition
Inositol
-can be produced from glucose
-contained in phytate in plants
Phytate
-inositol bound to inorganic phosphoric acids
Phytate-P
refers to the phosphorus (P) that is bound to inositol in phytate
Phytin
a complex formed between phytate and other minerals e.g. Cu, Zn, K, Ca, |
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Term
| Why do pigs need an exogenous source of phytase? |
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Definition
| phytase releases phosphorous from phytate, making it bioavailable (as phytate-P, the phosphorous is not readily available) |
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Term
| Why are ruminants & hindgut fermenters easily able to make use of phosphorous in plant feeds? |
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Definition
| microbial phytase is able to break down phytin to release phosphorous & minerals |
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Term
| Why are plant sources of macro and microminerals poorly utilized in monogastric poultry and swine? |
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Definition
phytate binds the minerals, forming phytin
phytase is required to release the minerals for absorption |
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Term
| What are the major implications of animal meat products of red & white meats to animal/human micro-mineral nutrition? |
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Definition
| -meat is a good source for microminerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mn) |
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