Term
| What is the purpose of DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA is the instructions that tells the cell what to do |
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Term
| What are the results of DNA? |
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Definition
| Proteins are the results of the instructions of DNA. |
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Term
| What does the evidence of the study of metabolic defects show? |
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Definition
| provided evidence that genes lead to proteins |
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Term
| What is the cause of some metabolic disorders? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are inherited diseases the result of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can a blockage in a pathway do? |
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Definition
| It can stop the production of something we need and also may lead to accumulation of something we don't want. |
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Term
| is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template |
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Definition
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Term
| What is RNA complementary to? |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA that is synthesized from a gene coding for a protein is |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
1.the sugar- deoxyribose(DNA) versus ribose(RNA)
2.the base- thymine(DNA) replaced by uracil(RNA)
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Term
| What are the types of bases for DNA?and what are the base pairs? |
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Definition
adenine(A),thymine(T), cytosine(C), guanine(G)
A-T
T-A
C-G
G-C
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Term
| What are the types of bases for RNA? what are the base pairs? |
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Definition
adenine(A),uracil(U), cytosine(C), guanine(G)
RNA-DNA
A-T
U-A
C-G
G-C
RNA-RNA
A-U
U-A
C-G
G-C |
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Term
| is the synthesis of a polypeptide(protein) directed by mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the process of RNA to proteins referred to as translation? |
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Definition
converting the language of nucleic acids into the language of proteins:
- 4 bases in nucleic acids
- 20 amino acids in proteins
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Term
| Where does translation occur?what happens during it? |
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Definition
| occurs in the ribosomes. proteins are synthesized according to the genetic message of sequential codons in the mRNA. |
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Term
| is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies which amino acid will be added to a growing polypeptide or signals the termination of translation |
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Definition
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Term
| What act as the interpreter between the nucleotide language of mRNA and the amino acid language of proteins? |
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Definition
| transfer RNA(tRNA) and ribosomal RNA(rRNA) |
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Term
| In the genetic code what specifies an amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nucleotides are in RNA?How many amino acids? |
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Definition
| 4 nucleotides, and 20 amino acids |
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Term
| Why are only 20 amino acids formed from the 64 possible combinations of the bases? |
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Definition
| An amino acid can be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet. |
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Term
| What are the steps of the Transciption process? |
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Definition
1.initiation
2.elongation
3.termination |
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Term
| Describe the first step of the transcription process. |
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Definition
| Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA near the beginning of a gene, seperating the double helix near the promoter. |
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Term
| Describe the second step of the transcription process? |
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Definition
| Elongation- RNA polymerase travels along the DNA template strand, catalyzing the addition of ribose nucleotides into an RNA molecule. The nucleotides in the RNA are complementary to the template strand of the DNA. |
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Term
| Describe the third step of the transcription process. |
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Definition
| Termination- At the end of a gene, RNA polymerase encounters a sequence of DNA called a termination signal. RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA and releases the RNA molecule. |
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Term
| What is the order of steps in the transcription process? |
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Definition
1.initiation
2.elongation
3.termination |
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Term
| How does initiation begin? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase finds a promoter region and binds, causing DNA double helix to unwind. |
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Term
| If the mRNA transcript AUGCGUGCAAU were to leave the nucleus and undergo translation at a ribosome, what would be the sequence of anticodons translating this nucleotide into protein? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA-directed synthesis of proteins |
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Term
| What happens during the translation process? |
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Definition
| proteins are synthesized according to the genetic message of sequential codons in the mRNA |
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Term
The sequence of nucleotides present in the DNA is reflected by the sequence in the mRNA.
And
The sequence of nucleotides in a mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids.
And
The sequence of amino acids determines the proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| is where proteins are built |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the ribosomes coordinate? |
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Definition
| the pairing of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons |
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Term
| The subunits of a ribosomal RNA(rRNa) and protein combine only when? |
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Definition
| combine as a ribosome only when they are translating a protien |
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Term
| The ribosome holds all the components together as what happens? |
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Definition
| as enzymes transfer the next amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Where does protein synthesis occur? |
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Definition
| on the ribosomes outside the nucleus |
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Term
| What part of tRNA reads the mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is tRNA's other role as interpreter? |
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Definition
| to transfer the correct amino acid from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis |
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Term
| Through what method is the gene decoded to synthesize a protein? |
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Definition
| one codon=>one anticodon=>one amino acid |
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Term
| are permanent changes in the DNA that can involve large chromosomal regions or a single nucleotide pair |
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Definition
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Term
| are mutations limited to one or two nucleotides in a single gene, and can affect the function of a protein |
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Definition
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Term
| the replacement of one base with another ex. nucleotide pair changed from A-T to T-A, cause mutations |
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Definition
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Term
| is the insertion of one or more nucleotide pairs into a gene ex. new necleotide pair T-A inserted into new DNA strand |
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Definition
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Term
| is the deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene ex. a C-G nucleotide pair is taken out of orignal DNA strand for new DNA strand |
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Definition
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Term
| can cause a process called ionization in our DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What does radiation do to DNA molecules? |
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Definition
| Causes DNA molecules to lose or gain electrons, resulting in the breaking apart of our DNA, and rearrangement of bases(mutation) |
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Term
| What are the parts of a ribosome? |
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Definition
| a large subunit composed of P site(holds the tRNA with the polypeptide chain attatched) and A site(holds the tRNA with the next amino acid to be added) binding sites and a catalytic site and a small unit |
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Term
| How many codons is an amino acid? |
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Definition
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