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Cross Cultural Psychology Exam Fall 2014
n/a
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/17/2014

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Term
Culture
Definition
A set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next.
Term
Collectivism
Definition
Behavior based on concerns for other people, traditions, and values they share together.
Term
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Definition
The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The view that supports judgement about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook.
Term
Psychometric Approach to Intelligence
Definition
A view based on an assumption that our intelligence can receive a numerical value.
Term
Qualitative Research
Definition
Conducted primarily in a natural setting, where the research participants carry out their daily activities in a non research atmosphere, in an attempt to detect some illicit or unspoken aspects of culture, hidden rules, or innuendo---the so-called contest that are often difficult to measure by standard quantitative methods.
Term
Evaluations of emotions
Definition
An individual assessment of emotions according to retain criteria or principles.
Term
Random Sampling
Definition
A process in which a large sample of countries or groups is randomly chosen; that is, any country or group has an equal chance at being selected in the research sample.
Term
What are two types of observational methods?
Definition
Naturalistic Observation and Laboratory Observation
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Recording people's behavior in their natural environments with little or no personal interaction.
Term
What are some examples of individualistic societies?
Definition
North America and Western Europe
Term
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Definition
Race = Biological

Ethnicity = Cultural
Term
Examples of Qualitative Research
Definition
Ethnographic, naturalistic, interpretive, grounded, phenomenological, subjective, and participant observational
Term
Cultural Psychology
Definition
The study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables.
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
A cultural heritage shared by a category of people who also share a common ancestral origin, language, and religion.
Term
Formal Reasoning
Definition
Basic cognitive operations based on abstract analysis of given premises and deriving conclusions from them.
Term
Intelligence
Definition
Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, overcome obstacles, and adapt to a changing environment.
Term
Individualism
Definition
Complex behavior based on oneself and one's immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs.
Term
Nativist view
Definition
The view that all cognitive phenomena are inborn, that they unravel as a result of biological "programming" and that environmental perception requires little active construction by the organism.
Term
Race
Definition
A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics.
Term
Sensation
Definition
The process by which receptor cells are stimulated and transmit their information to higher brain centers.
Term
Altered States of Consciousness (ASC)
Definition
The general name for phenomena that are different than normal waking consciousness and include mystic experiences, hypnosis, trance, and possession.
Term
Cognition
Definition
A general term that stands for a series of processes by which the individual acquires and applies knowledge.
Term
Emotion Recognition
Definition
The process of identification, description, and explanation of an emotional expression.
Term
Dreams
Definition
Storylike sequences of images occurring during sleep.
Term
Quantitative Research
Definition
Refers to the systematic, empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or numerical data or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and/or hypotheses pertaining to the phenomena.
Term
Sex
Definition
Refers to biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs.
Term
Why can convenience sampling be limiting?
Definition
Because in convenience sampling, some cultural or ethnic groups are likely to receive more attention than others.
Term
What are Sternberg's 3 Intelligences?
Definition
Componential
Experiential
Contextual
Term
Cognitive Style
Definition
An individual way in which individuals organize and comprehend the world.
Term
Trance
Definition
A sleep like state marked by reduced sensitivity to stimuli, loss, or alteration of knowledge, rapturous experiences, and the substitution of automatic for voluntary motor activity.
Term
Feeling Rules
Definition
Particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations.
Term
What comprises Spearman's "G-factor"?
Definition
Verbal

Quantitative

Reasoning
Term
Perception
Definition
The process that organizes various sensations into meaningful patterns.
Term
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Definition
Sex = Biological

Gender = Internal or cultural perception
Term
Convenience Sampling
Definition
The researcher chooses a culture by chance or, most likely, because of the researcher's professional or personal contacts in which the samples are selected.
Term
Emotion
Definition
The evaluative response (either positive or negative) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional response.
Term
What are two different scales that are meant to quantify intelligence?
Definition
Binet Scale

Wechsler Scale
Term
Display Rules
Definition
Patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a particular culture, age, or culture group.
Term
Example of Naturalistic Fallacy
Definition
"What's typical is normal; what's normal is good. What's not typical is abnormal; what's abnormal is bad."
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
The tendency to explain the behavior of others as resulting predominately from their personality, while minimizing or ignoring the importance of a particular context or situation.
Term
Possession
Definition
When a person reports that his body is invaded or captured by a spirit or spirits. Usually, but not always, recalled with fear and hesitation because of it's traumatic significance.
Term
Naturalistic Fallacy
Definition
When we equate our description of what IS with what OUGHT to be. This occurs when we define what is good in terms of what is observable.
Term
Creativity
Definition
Originality or the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way.
Term
Examples of Collectivistic Cultures
Definition
Asia, Central America, South America, Africa
Term
Cultural Filters
Definition
We are all products of our personal and cultural past; everything we have seen, read, heard, and experienced changes the way we see our own presence and how we perceive the others around us.
Term
Gender
Definition
Describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine.
Term
What is the "G-factor"?
Definition
General intelligence based on verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities.
Term
Laboratory Observation
Definition
Subjects are brought in to where a psychologist has designed specific situations or prepared a set of stimuli and then ask the participants to respond.
Term
What are some external factors that can contribute or detract from a person's supposed intelligence?
Definition
Resources: Nutrition, Education, Rural or Urban Locale, Technology

Family Factors: SES, Parental Education, Birth Order, Family Size
Term
Preceding Events
Definition
The environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences.
Term
Stress
Definition
Perception of a continuous challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands.
Term
Illusions
Definition
A perception that occurs when a sensory stimulus is present but is incorrectly perceived and misinterpreted, such as hearing the wind or someone crying.
Term
What are Gardner's 8 Intelligences?
Definition
Linguistic
Spatial
Kinesthetic
Naturalist
Mathematical
Musical
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Term
Empirical Reasoning
Definition
Experience and cognitive operations drawn from everyday activities.
Term
Example of Quantitative Research
Definition
Surveys

Questionaires
Term
True or False? Empirical reasoning manifests from everyday experience, while formal or abstract reasoning is a product of formal education.
Definition
True.
Term
Monochronic Time
Definition
Describes a perception of time in which one object or task is completed in singularity. These cultures are more task-driven.
Term
What are the six basic, universal emotions?
Definition
1.) Fear

2.) Happiness

3.) Sadness

4.) Anger

5.) Disgust

6.) Surprise
Term
What are a few types or examples of emotions research?
Definition
Facial Action Coding System---this system is used to determine emotions expressed on the face, and the muscles utilized to employ these physical expressions.
Term
Explain examples of cross-cultural differences in mathematic abilities.
Definition
Compared to English, the Chinese language has fewer labels for numerical values. China also has more focus on success and personal effort. Student feedback also is a factor in performance.
Term
What are the two cognitive field types?
Definition
Field Dependent and Field Independent
Term
Field Independent Cognitive Type
Definition
Relies on internal knowledge to solve problems. Utilizes abstractions.
Term
Field Dependent Cognitive Type
Definition
Relies on contextual and environmental cues to solve problems; uses instructions, concreteness, wholism, etc.
Term
Schacter and Singer Theory on Emotion
Definition
Describes emotion as a 2-stage process in which emotion is comprised of:

1.) Physiological Arousal

2.) Cognitive Response that assigns meaning to this.

Concludes that emotions are culturally specific.
Term
True or False? There are subcultural rules within the Cultural Display Rules, that exist to demarcate norms pertaining to gender and other such factors?
Definition
True
Term
Goal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
Definition
To examine how cultural factors influence human behavior.
Term
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Definition
Explains emotion as a two part process which consists of:

1.) Physiological Arousal

2.) Biological, Emotional Response

Concludes that emotions are universal
Term
What is the evolutionary basis for the existence of emotions?
Definition
Evolutionary theory suggests that universal emotions developed as advantageous signals that assist with the ultimate goal of survival.
Term
Polychronic Time
Definition
Describes a perception of time in which two or more activities may be undertaken at once. People within these cultures focus less on time and tasks, and more on relationships.
Term
Examples of monochromic cultures
Definition
North America and Western Europe
Term
Examples of polychronic cultures
Definition
Latin America and Middle East
Term
Cultural Display Rules
Definition
Social norms and expectations for displaying behavior
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