Term
| 2 different types of population/yield interactions |
|
Definition
-those based on seed yield
-those based on population yield |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of synthetic auxin; behaves as broadleaf weed killer |
|
|
Term
| 3 approaches to monitoring soil moisture for irrigation needs |
|
Definition
1: "water balance" approach
2: soil moisture blocks
3: time domain reflectometry |
|
|
Term
| 3 classes of plants based upon flowering response |
|
Definition
a. Long day plants
b. Short day plants
c. Day neutral plants |
|
|
Term
| 3 classes of plants based upon flowering response |
|
Definition
1: long day
2: short day
3: day neutral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auxin also produced at... |
|
Definition
| meristematic regions near the root tips |
|
|
Term
| Auxin is involved in apical dominance, which means... |
|
Definition
| when you have high auxin, you have no branches |
|
|
Term
| Basal cell develops into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both types of p’synth are driven by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the big cells on the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| C3 plants vs. C4 plants regarding CO2 compensation point |
|
Definition
| C3 plants have a higher CO2 compensation point than C4 plants |
|
|
Term
| C3 vs. C4 plants under conditions of hot, dry, and bright sunlight |
|
Definition
-C4 plants are p'synthetically more efficient under these conditions
-under such conditions, C4 plants don't photorespire like C3 plants |
|
|
Term
| C4 p'synth requires an extra set of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the c'tration of CO2 at which plants show no net fixation of CO2, that is, the point at which CO2 uptake and evolution are at equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| CO2 compensation point of C3 plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 compensation point of C4 plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crop growth is a balance between ______ and ______ |
|
Definition
psynth (gain)
respiration (loss) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growing degree days (GDD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Temperature (increases respiration and photorespir.)
-Light (low light decreases photosynthesis)
-CO2 concentration (compensation point)
-Water availability, (low turgor and stomata close), (stomata close before wilting begins), (leaf cooling effects) |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting water use efficiency (WUE) |
|
Definition
-Species (C3 vs. C4)
-Pop. Density
-Soil moisture
-Health of plant (diseases/insects)
-Relative Humidity
-Wind
-Weeds |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting water use efficiency (WUE) that we have control over |
|
Definition
-Species (C3 vs. C4)
-Pop. Density
-Soil moisture
-Health of plant (diseases/insects)
-Weeds |
|
|
Term
| Following germination and utilization of seed food reserves, plats are on their own to... |
|
Definition
| acquire, store, and utilize energy for growth and maintenance |
|
|
Term
| GA can be used to break this in some seeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Double Fertilization
-Development of the Embryo and Endosperm
-Cell expansion and maturation |
|
|
Term
| If you don’t have adequate moisture, this happens to the germinating plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase in CO2 c’tration is good for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latent heat of vaporization |
|
Definition
| amount of heat needed to change 1 mL (cc) of water to vapor |
|
|
Term
| Latent heat of vaporization for water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duration for which a specific leaf area remains p'synthetically active after expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unit of leaf area per unit of soil area (leaf area index) |
|
|
Term
| Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a measurement of... |
|
Definition
| surfaces available for light interception by crop community rather than individual plants |
|
|
Term
| Low relative humidity means high... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net Photosynthesis = Photosynthesis – Respiration
(This is GROWTH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Giberellic Acid that’s spread onto pastures that got ryegrass such that the grass is primed to continue growing |
|
|
Term
| The heat from the sun is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The limitations on p’synth are associated with... |
|
Definition
| light and diffusion rate between outside and inside of leaf |
|
|
Term
| The problem with pan evaporation and rainfall |
|
Definition
| they don’t match up very well |
|
|
Term
| The relationship between Pred and Pfred causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of floral induction; this is a response to cold conditions; some crops have to be vernalized before they can go from vegetative growth to reproductive growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is essential to cool plant. Failure to do so results in... |
|
Definition
-decreased photosynthesis
-decreased leaf area
-reduced competitiveness
-susceptibility to pests. |
|
|
Term
| Water needs/use drop after... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wavelength referred to as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We have to have heat units that initiate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does CO2 become limiting in supply? |
|
Definition
-Drought (stomatal opening)
-Heat – CO2 fixation process occurs faster than CO2 entrance |
|
|
Term
| a day length sensor in the plants |
|
Definition
| the blue light sensory system of cryptochromes |
|
|
Term
| a disadvantage of RUDP carboxylase |
|
Definition
| it's O2 sensitive and therefore inefficient unless CO2 is high (photorespiration) |
|
|
Term
| a disadvantage of gated pipe irrigation |
|
Definition
| Lots of runoff in this system |
|
|
Term
| a type of special separation that occurs in C4 p'synth |
|
Definition
| special separation of C4 (mesophyll) and C3 (bundle sheath) p'synthetic systems of C4 plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absence of this in C4 plants makes C4 plants more efficient w/ water (higher WUE) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantage of PEP carboxylase |
|
Definition
| it is not O2 sensitive and therefore efficient at all O2/CO2 c'trations |
|
|
Term
| advantages of the water balance approach |
|
Definition
-No special equipment needed
-Easy to implement
-Inexpensive |
|
|
Term
| advantages of time domain reflectometry to determine irrigation needs |
|
Definition
-Can automate with irrigation system
-Easy to implement
-Moderate (not prohibitive) expense |
|
|
Term
| amount of biomass vs. water need |
|
Definition
| a crop that produces more biomass requires more water, regardless of efficiency |
|
|
Term
| amount of energy reaching the Earth's surface |
|
Definition
| about 100,000 langleys, which is about which is about 1 billion calories per M-2 |
|
|
Term
| amount of leaf area could be impacted by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of water used by ag |
|
Definition
| Ag uses about 85% of all the water supplies globally |
|
|
Term
| an advantage C4 plants have in terms of carbon utilization |
|
Definition
| C4 plants are extremely efficient in their carbon utilization |
|
|
Term
| an advantage of gated pipe irrigation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an obstacle of irrigation |
|
Definition
| costly; therefore, it must be efficient and we can't afford to overapply |
|
|
Term
| another difference between seed yield and biological yield |
|
Definition
| seed yield is parabolic and biological yield is asymptotic |
|
|
Term
| at this w'length, proportion of energy converted is high because little energy is left over after electron excitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at this w'length, there is almost no absorption of light and therefore energy not used to excite electron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| auxin is involved in this dominance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High Biomass = High Water Use |
|
|
Term
| bundle sheath cells in warm season grasses have this mechanism for p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temps at which crops (plants) cease to actively grow |
|
|
Term
| catastrophic events that can happen in epigeal germination |
|
Definition
-defoliation
-frost
-hail damage
-seed rot |
|
|
Term
| catastrophic events that can happen in hypogeal germination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing soil texture vs. available water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directional response to chemical element |
|
|
Term
| cool season grasses and all C3 plants have this in their mesophyll |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the LAI where there’s greatest seed production and greatest grain yield
-the LAI where we get 95% light interception
-rate of dry matter production is asymptotic (i.e. somewhat constant over various LAI)
-leaves are upright or do not become parasitic |
|
|
Term
| crop for which the critical LAI concept doesn't work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crop responses to drought depends on... |
|
Definition
| stage of development of the crop |
|
|
Term
| crop yield (grain) is largely dependent upon these things pertaining to radiation utilization by a crop surface |
|
Definition
-Intensity and duration of sunlight
-Light interception
-Efficiency of interception (upper vs. lower leaves)
-Efficiency of conversion (C3 vs. C4)
-Distribution of carbohydrates in plants (i.e., roots, stems, and seeds) |
|
|
Term
| cross section of cool season grass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cross section of the leaf of a C3 plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cross section of warm season grass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of compounds thru which plants respond to blue light |
|
|
Term
| cytokinins interact w/ auxins to do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that develop flowers regardless of day length |
|
|
Term
| depiction of Double fertilization of plant ovules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Photosynthesis in Warm Season Grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of ovule and ovary in a flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of some processes that happen in the stroma in p'synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of some processes that happen in the thylakoids in p'synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Calvin cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the electron transport in p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the interaction of Pred phytochrome and Pfred phytochrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the light rxns that occur in photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the sequence of seed development from fertilization onwards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of what happens in the chloroplasts during p'synthesis |
|
Definition
[image]
light rxns on left, dark rxns aka Calvin cycle on right |
|
|
Term
| depiction of what happens in the stroma in the bundle sheath cells in C4 p'synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of what happens in the stroma in the mesophyll cells in C4 p'synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of what happens in the thylakoid membranes in both the mesophyll cells and the bundle sheath cells in C4 p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of the water balance approach |
|
Definition
-Assumes soil retains 100% of rainfall
-Does not account for atmospheric conditions
+Wind
+Humidity |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of time domain reflectometry to determine irrigation needs |
|
Definition
-Electronic failures are bad news
-Tillage can damage probe; therefore, take it out before tilling
-Assume that probe is placed in an area of field which is representative of the entire field; if you have multiple soil types in a field, you have to put multiple in the same field
-Must calibrate for each soil type |
|
|
Term
| does efficient water use guarantee a crop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water loss from soil and puddle surfaces in field; not plant process |
|
|
Term
| example of how growth models can be used as a management aid |
|
Definition
| something regarding hail, frost, disease, and insect damage to a crop |
|
|
Term
| example of photoperiod response differing due to cultivar |
|
Definition
| different groups of soybeans require shorter nights |
|
|
Term
| example of plant having cold requirement |
|
Definition
winter wheat
-plant in fall --> vernalize in winter --> flower in spring
-plant in spring --> no flower |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting p'synth and photorespiration |
|
Definition
-temp
-CO2
-light
-wilting |
|
|
Term
| factors in Evaluating Light Interception and Use |
|
Definition
-Total area of leaves
-Efficiency of the canopy
-Modifications of leaf area and efficiency (disease, insect, weed competition)
-Duration leaf remains on the plant (leaf area duration)
-Day and season length |
|
|
Term
| factors of Radiation Utilization |
|
Definition
-Intensity and duration of sunlight
-Light interception
-Efficiency of interception (upper vs. lower leaves)
-Efficiency of conversion (C3 vs. C4)
-Distribution of carbohydrates in plants |
|
|
Term
| female part of the corn flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the phase where the plant is in transition from seed storage to p'synthetic energy supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditioning of plant to enable plant to enable shift of vegetative to reproductive growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditioning of plant to enable shift of vegetative to reproductive growth |
|
|
Term
| floral induction by heat units |
|
Definition
| accumulation of heat above and beyond some base temp required for a plant to grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flowers being exposed to light and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing of growth from vegetative to reproductive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mobilizes stored compounds and utilizes energy |
|
|
Term
| gated pipe irrigation not too common here in the Southeast, except for... |
|
Definition
| the Delta region in Mississippi |
|
|
Term
| gated pipe irrigation used on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general anatomy of a thylakoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general process of the dark rxns in C3 p'synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| get this into the field before harvest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growing degree days (GDD) aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 pigments involved in photoperiodism |
|
Definition
| -phytochrome -cryptochrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seed becoming brittle; can't depress w/ thumb nail (~40% moisture) |
|
|
Term
| heat is a driving force of this in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growing degree days (GDD) |
|
|
Term
| here in Georgia, drip irrigation is used mostly in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound which, when present when present at extremely low c'trations, in the plant, exert measurable physiological and morphological changes which affect plant growth |
|
|
Term
| hormones in plants can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how available soil water is expressed |
|
Definition
| inches of water per foot of soil |
|
|
Term
| how cryptochromes influence flowering |
|
Definition
| they interact with phytochrome to control flowering, but no one knows the mechanism of the interaction other than the scenario in the book |
|
|
Term
| how cryptochromes influence flowering |
|
Definition
| by interacting w/ phytochrome to control flowering |
|
|
Term
| how double phy a and phy b affect flowering |
|
Definition
| plants with double phy a and phy b will flower earlier than plants with the recessive phy b and dominant phy A |
|
|
Term
| how drought can restrict root growth |
|
Definition
| limiting water to plant for function |
|
|
Term
| how efficiency is measured in grain crops |
|
Definition
| Pounds of grain/pounds of water |
|
|
Term
| how excess moisture can lead to reduced grain quality |
|
Definition
| diseases infecting seed heads/pods |
|
|
Term
| how excess moisture can reduce soil quality |
|
Definition
| leaching minerals from soil, making them unavailable to plants |
|
|
Term
| how leaves become functionless in senescence |
|
Definition
| they translocate metabolites (proteins, CHO) to seeds and become functionless |
|
|
Term
| how long it takes for an embryo to turn into a corn seed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long it takes for an embryo to turn into a cotton seed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many different types of gibberellins are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many times the Calvin cycle goes around and why |
|
Definition
| Calvin cycle goes around 3 times because you’re fixing 3 C and you get phosphoglyceric acid |
|
|
Term
| how p'system 1 replenishes its electrons |
|
Definition
| by splitting water, releasing electrons into p'system 1 and H+ ions and O2 in the thylakoid compartment |
|
|
Term
| how pollen grain interacts with ovules |
|
Definition
| Pollen grain on stigma, which is low energy, pursues ovules, which are high energy |
|
|
Term
| how population density affects WUE |
|
Definition
higher population density means lower water use efficiency
this is because of lower HI, whatever that is |
|
|
Term
| how relative humidity affects WUE |
|
Definition
| higher relative humidity leads to higher WUE due to less evaporation |
|
|
Term
| how temp affects flowering |
|
Definition
| cool temps delay flowering |
|
|
Term
| how the amount of available soil moisture affects WUE |
|
Definition
| easier to extract water when a lot is present (field capacity); this means lower WUE |
|
|
Term
| how the health of the plant affects WUE |
|
Definition
| pathogens and insects reduce the capacity to produce yield, but don't change water use; this leads to lower WUE |
|
|
Term
| how the nomenclature of photoperiodism changed |
|
Definition
| the nomenclature of Pred and Pfred was replaced in 2003 with phytochrome A-E |
|
|
Term
| how the phytochrome/cryptochrome interaction occurs |
|
Definition
| not known, but evidence is showing that cryptochromes regulate GA production in the flower |
|
|
Term
| how the rate of transmission of water has to be distributed in a center pivot irrigation system in order to be uniform |
|
Definition
| Rate of transmission of water has to be greater on the outside than on the inside |
|
|
Term
| how the type of Phytochrome B allele affects flowering |
|
Definition
| those that have recessive (phy b) flower earlier than those w/ dominant (phy B) |
|
|
Term
| how the type of phytochrome A allele affects flowering |
|
Definition
| plants w/ a recessive phytochrome A gene (phy a) lose the ability to respond to flashes of light in the middle of the night |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Leaf area index (LAI) |
|
Definition
| (LAI)=(area of leaves)/(area of ground) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate crop water needs using the water balance aoproach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate daily heat unit |
|
Definition
| Daily heat unit = ((daily max temp + daily min temp)/2) ‑ minimum cardinal temp |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate heat unit aka growing degree day |
|
Definition
| ((daily max temp + daily min temp)/2) - minimum cardinal temp |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate irrigation need using the water balance approach |
|
Definition
| water use-rainfall=irrigation need |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate total heat units |
|
Definition
| Total heat units = Σ(daily heat units) |
|
|
Term
| how to do the "water balance" approach of monitoring soil moisture for irrigation needs |
|
Definition
| Basically, you every day calculate rainfall from the past 7 days and based upon the rainfall you have, you can estimate how much water is available to the plant for use and you estimate water use based upon stage of development of the crop |
|
|
Term
| how we can increase our water use efficiency |
|
Definition
| by using our ag management practices something like that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compete for water, fertilizer, light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases transpiration w/o increased p'synth |
|
|
Term
| how you might wanna plant the rows to get the best energy utilization |
|
Definition
| Might wanna plant the rows closer together to get the best energy utilization |
|
|
Term
| immature seeds can be treated w/ ethylene (ethephon) to promote... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immature seeds can be treated w/ this to promote after ripening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| importance of length of day to flowering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| importance of stand density for seed yield |
|
Definition
| important to get a stand dense enough for optimum yield, but too much results in reduced yield |
|
|
Term
| in photorespiration, there's competition of ______ for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the log phase, this buffers plants to leaf defoliation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temp response (i.e., vernalization ad accumulation of heat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the rate of diffusion affected by temp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the senescence process reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| less auxin and less cytokinin leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| less auxin and more cytokinin leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light above this w'length doesn't carry enough energy to excite an electron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limitations of heat unit models |
|
Definition
1) other variables influence crop growth
2) Planting date can change ability to predict stage of development. |
|
|
Term
| limiting factors in the harvest of corn, soybeans, and peanuts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limiting factors in the harvest of cotton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limiting factors in the harvest of wheat in fall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limiting factors in the harvest of wheat in spring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leaf area continues to expand, but plant has been induced to develop reproductive parts
plant buffered to leaf defoliation because of rapid leaf expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phase where leaf area expansion is extremely rapid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to days getting progressively longer |
|
|
Term
| male part of the corn flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| manage soil water to keep it at this level of available water |
|
Definition
| between 40% and 90% available water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endosperm liquid when pressed between thumb nail; looks like milk |
|
|
Term
| more auxin and less cytokinin leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mother plant transfers ______ to seeds and loses ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| new fact about photoperiodism |
|
Definition
| 2 pigments involved: phytochrome and cryptochrome |
|
|
Term
| old theory of photoperiodism |
|
Definition
| phytochrome interaction w/ daylight (Pred and Pfred) |
|
|
Term
| one crop in which reduced seeds per plant is proven |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one crop where nearly all the seeds are treated with ethylene (ethephon) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one form of seed dormancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one possible reason for reduced yield at higher density |
|
Definition
| as population density increases, the number of plants that are barren (seedless) increases, thus yield reduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crop surface has a definite LAI at which an increase results in decreased productivity |
|
|
Term
| optimum conditions for leaf area index (LAI) |
|
Definition
-All leaves photosynthesizing
-Maximum light interception
-Grain vs. forage vs. turf |
|
|
Term
| overall p'synth rxns in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6CO2 + 12H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 |
|
|
Term
| overly simplified model of photoperiodism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| p'synth and respiration can't function without... |
|
Definition
adequate supply of...
-water
-mineral nutrition
-heat
-light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically the amount of evaporation off of a soil surface |
|
|
Term
| photoperiod response differs due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photorespiration causes ribulose (a sugar) to do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photorespiration causes this to respire |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of converting light, H2O, and CO2 into chemical energy |
|
|
Term
| physiological maturity in seeds |
|
Definition
| embryo and endosperm are fully developed and can survive independent of parent plant |
|
|
Term
| phytochrome A and B are produced as a result of... |
|
Definition
| transcription of a gene for each |
|
|
Term
| plants respond to blue light through... |
|
Definition
| a series of compounds called cryptochromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of pollen from anther to stigma and fertilization of female gametes |
|
|
Term
| pollination consists of theses 2 separate physiological processes |
|
Definition
1: seed set
2: fertilization of the egg |
|
|
Term
| population/yield interaction based on biological yield |
|
Definition
| yield of total plant weight per unit area (tons/A, MT/HA) |
|
|
Term
| population/yield interaction based on seed yield |
|
Definition
| weight per unit area of the grain portion of the plant (bu/A, kg/ha) |
|
|
Term
| primary pigment in chloroplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purpose of the heat unit concept |
|
Definition
| concept developed to try and predict physiological events in plant |
|
|
Term
| reduction and fixation of CO2 are controlled by... |
|
Definition
| temperature (linear increase with temp) |
|
|
Term
| regulation of most plant functions is a result of... |
|
Definition
| interactions among hormones |
|
|
Term
| regulation of most plant functions is not a result of... |
|
Definition
| presence or absence of a hormone |
|
|
Term
| respiration is the opposite of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevention of flower abortion or drop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
late summer/fall flowering; plants that respond to short days, long nights
days must get shorter to trigger tissue differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endosperm soft when pressed w/ thumb nail |
|
|
Term
| solid set irrigation used for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cotton*
-Peanuts*
-Soybeans *
-Tobacco *
-Wheat
-Oats
-Barley
-Rye
-Canola (Rape)
-Orchardgrass
-Tall Fescue
-Clovers
-Alfalfa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Corn
-Grain/forage sorghum
-Pearl millet (forage)
-Bermudagrass
-Zoysia
-Centipede
-Seashore Paspalum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Pigweed (Palmer Amaranth)*
-Common Bermudagrass
-Johnson grass
-Wiregrass
-Cogon grass |
|
|
Term
| some Field Equipment for Soil Water Management Under a Center Pivot Irrigation System |
|
Definition
-White box containing data logging and transmitter
-Solar power charges battery and transmits soil water information to a computer in manager’s office |
|
|
Term
| some Limitations to C3 Photosynthetic systems |
|
Definition
-Ribulose bis phosphate carboxylase (oxygenase) is O2 sensitive
-CO2 entrance into leaf is a diffusion process – limited access
-If CO2 is in limited supply, then the process turns to respiration (no net gain in weight) |
|
|
Term
| some considerations for application rate in irrigation |
|
Definition
-Soil type (sandy soils hold less water than clay soil)
-Crop demand
-Time needed to replenish soil moisture
-Probability of severe drought
-System design
+Low vs. high pressure (radius of throw) |
|
|
Term
| some considerations for irrigation |
|
Definition
-Rate of distribution
-Efficient distribution
-Stage of development of crop
-Expense of doing this |
|
|
Term
| some crop responses to excess moisture |
|
Definition
-root growth restricted
-delayed maturity(late in season)
-reduced grain quality |
|
|
Term
| some crops that are too reliant on RoundUp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some crops that have the vernalization type of floral induction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Produced by dividing cells (apical meristem)
-Important for cell elongation
-Control apical dominance
-Synthetic auxins (2,4-D) used as herbicides |
|
|
Term
| some details about cytokinin |
|
Definition
-stimulate cell division (Bud, embryo development)
-Produced primarily in roots (xylem transport; transported only in the xylem, so it’s a one direction flow)
-Interacts with auxins |
|
|
Term
| some details about gibberellins |
|
Definition
-over 126 types in plants!
-Each has its own function
-Produced in young leaves, roots (phloem transp.)
-Generally,
+promotes stem elongation
+promotes seed germination
+promotes fruit set (after pollination) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-light moves in discrete packages called photons
-photons strike chlorophyll and excite an electron
-energy from excited electron is transferred to other compounds
-different photons travel at different speeds with different w'lengths
-each w'length represents a different color and the longer the w'length, the less energy it contains- this is called radiant energy |
|
|
Term
| some hormones that control the development of crops |
|
Definition
-Auxin
-Giberellic acid
-Cytokinins
-Abscisic Acid
-Ethylene |
|
|
Term
| some interactions between cytokinin and auxins |
|
Definition
-High auxin, low cytokin – undifferentiated cell growth
-Low auxin, high cytokin – bud devel. and growth
-Low auxin, low cytokin – root growth (in culture) |
|
|
Term
| some irrigation methods for field crops |
|
Definition
-aerial irrigation (sprinkler)
-surface irrigation (furrow and flood irrigation) |
|
|
Term
| some limitations of heat unit models |
|
Definition
-other variables influence crop growth
-planting date can change ability to predict stage of development |
|
|
Term
| some management decisions that can affect the radiation utilization by a crop |
|
Definition
-irrigation
-mowing height
-population
-density |
|
|
Term
| some modifications of leaf area and efficiency |
|
Definition
-disease
-insect
-weed competition |
|
|
Term
| some plants that are long day plants |
|
Definition
-spring flowering plants
-barley
-oats |
|
|
Term
| some possible crop responses to drought |
|
Definition
-poor germination
-restricted root growth
-leaf rolling, drooping, senescence
-few tillers or branches
-fewer fertile flowers
-shriveled seed |
|
|
Term
| some process and signaling that cryptochromes are involved in |
|
Definition
-involved in phototropism
-involved in plant/plant signaling |
|
|
Term
| some reasons C4 plants are more efficient at p'synth |
|
Definition
-special separation of C4 (mesophyll) and C3 (bundle sheath) p'synthetic systems of C4 plants
-RUDP carboxylase is O2 sensitive and therefore inefficient unless CO2 is high (photorespiration)
-PEP carboxylase is not O2 sensitive and therefore efficient at all O2/CO2 c'trations |
|
|
Term
| some things in plants that are controlled by hormones |
|
Definition
-germination
-growing
-flowering
-seed production |
|
|
Term
| some things that affect respiration |
|
Definition
-temperature
-O2 concentration
-Availability of CHO in the plant
-tissue age (young respires more) |
|
|
Term
| some things that can be done to use water, nutrients, and solar radiation more efficiently |
|
Definition
-increase plant population
-shift plant distribution |
|
|
Term
| some things that cryptochromes are involved in |
|
Definition
-phototropism
-plant/plant signaling (population density or "neighbor" effects) |
|
|
Term
| some things that happen in cyclic phosphorylation (photophosphorylation) |
|
Definition
-electron is passed to series of proteins which convert energy to ATP
-each protein the electron is passed to results in released energy that results in ADP and Pi to form ATP (short term energy storage and transfer)
-electrons are passed to a series of enzyme which bind H to NADP to form NADPH |
|
|
Term
| some things that happen in non-cyclic photophosphorylation |
|
Definition
-light splits H2O as well as excite electron
-H+ goes to p'system 1 for conversion to NADPH |
|
|
Term
| some things that happen in the dark rxns |
|
Definition
-ATP + NADPH active in dark rxns
-in these rxns, H2 is given up by NADPH to fix CO2 into carbohydrate
-ATP is used to transfer p'synthetic precursors used in in dark rxns
-2 p'synthetic pathways are involved: C3 and C4 |
|
|
Term
| some things that must be managed or controlled in log phase |
|
Definition
-insects and diseases which limit leaf growth
-weeds still need control
-floral induction parameters must be met |
|
|
Term
| some types of day neutral plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of short day plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some variables that can influence crop growth other than heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways to calculate crop water need |
|
Definition
-water balance approach
-pan evaporation |
|
|
Term
| something about gibberellins in semi-dwarf wheat |
|
Definition
| can't produce as much and has less energy put into stems and more into seeds |
|
|
Term
| something flower drop can cause in crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something flower drop can do in soybeans |
|
Definition
| cause them to lose yield potential |
|
|
Term
| something in plants that senses blue light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something overirrigation an lead to |
|
Definition
| surface runoff or excessive subsurface lateral flow, thus removing water from field |
|
|
Term
| something that can happen with corn at high density other than reduced yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can influence the amount of daylength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can prevent harvest in fall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that happens late in the linear phase |
|
Definition
plant is flowering-- grain fill begins
leaf area duration critical |
|
|
Term
| something that needs to be controlled during the linear phase |
|
Definition
| disease/insect activity that feeds on flower/bud |
|
|
Term
| something that needs to be done in the first lag phase of crop development |
|
Definition
| weeds need to be controlled to permit normal plant development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of water 1°C (= 1 calorie); 1 calorie is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 1°C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed at which the phytochrome goes from Pfred to Pred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed at which the phytochrome goes from Pred to Pfred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spray this to set fruit in grapes and make them seedless |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stages of crop development |
|
Definition
1. Germination
2. Root growth
3. Leaf development and expansion
4. Stem elongation and continued leaf and root development
5. Flowering
6. Fertilization and seed development
7. Seed maturation and dehydration |
|
|
Term
| strengths of using soil moisture blocks for determining irrigation needs |
|
Definition
-Accurate estimate of soil water content
-Simple once calibrated
-Easily automated |
|
|
Term
| temperature vs. rate of rxn |
|
Definition
| As the temp goes up, the rate of rxn goes up |
|
|
Term
| terminal cell develops into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 forms of cryptochromes that have been found |
|
Definition
-cryptochrome A
-cryptochrome B |
|
|
Term
| the 2 forms of phytochrome |
|
Definition
-Pred (P red)
-Pfred (P far red) |
|
|
Term
| the 2 important physiological processes of pollination |
|
Definition
1: seed set
2: fertilization of the egg |
|
|
Term
| the 2 ways floral induction can happen |
|
Definition
-Vernalization
-heat units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-p'system conversion to ATP and NADPH2 used to reduce CO2
-diffusion of CO2 from outside of plant to inside
-reduction of CO2 and fixation into CHO |
|
|
Term
| the 5 known forms of cryptochrome |
|
Definition
cryptochrome A
cryptochrome B
cryptochrome C
cryptochrome D
cryptochrome E |
|
|
Term
| the 5 major groups of plant growth regulators |
|
Definition
-auxins
-gibberellins
-cytokinins
-abscisic acid
-ethylene |
|
|
Term
| the C3 crops that have deep roots, making it important to break up those hard pans |
|
Definition
-Cotton*
-Peanuts*
-Soybeans *
-Tobacco * |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for every 10°C increase in temp, the biochem rxns double in rate |
|
|
Term
| the ability to use hormones to transform plants via biotech and repeating the life cycle of plants in vitro is vital for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the advantages of having C4 photosynthesis |
|
Definition
1: Have a mechanism that is not responsive to oxygen deprivation in mesophyll cells.
2: Place the oxygen sensitive system in cells which are CO2 enriched.
3: System is not limited during heat
4: System is not as limited during drought (drought tolerant) |
|
|
Term
| the amount of energy in sunlight compared to what's needed |
|
Definition
| sunlight has 50-100 times as much energy as is needed |
|
|
Term
| the amount of sunlight on the surface of the soil |
|
Definition
| 123,000 Langleys reaching surface of the soil = 10 kw hr/m2/sec |
|
|
Term
| the amount of water that gets used for plant function |
|
Definition
| about 1% of what's taken up |
|
|
Term
| the cyclic utilization of electrons |
|
Definition
| cyclic phosphorylation (photophosphorylation) (PSI) |
|
|
Term
| the different stages seeds go thru during ripening |
|
Definition
-milk stage
-soft dough
-hard dough
-physiological maturity |
|
|
Term
| the different types of irrigation |
|
Definition
-center pivot (high pressure)
-center pivot (low pressure)
-traveling gun
-solid set
-gated pipe
-drip irrigation |
|
|
Term
| the disadvantages of having C4 photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| 1: Needs twice as much light as C3 plants
2: Require more heat for growth |
|
|
Term
| the effect of frost during linear phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects how much energy is intercepted and used |
|
|
Term
| the effects of longer Leaf Area Duration (LAD) |
|
Definition
-Longer LAD after pollination will give us greater seed fill
-Longer LAD will give us more grazing resistant forages
-Longer LAD will give us more tolerant of clipping (turf) |
|
|
Term
| the energy gradient in the pistils |
|
Definition
| stigma is low energy and ovules are high energy |
|
|
Term
| the first event in seed germination |
|
Definition
| movement of GA from cotyledons to embryo to initiate the germination process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| builds and stores energy compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: after fertilization, plant transports nutrients to developing seed
2: seed accumulates nutrients (endosperm or cotyledons) and goes thru different stages during ripening |
|
|
Term
| the hard part of using time domain reflectometry to determine irrigation needs |
|
Definition
| The hard part is keeping the rods parallel; if they bow in or out, that changes the speed of travel |
|
|
Term
| the idea behind gated pipe irrigation |
|
Definition
| The idea is that the water in the furrows gets to the plants by lateral flow |
|
|
Term
| the important thing for Radiation Utilization by a Crop Surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the leaves that are first removed by livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the light absorption in p'synth |
|
Definition
-light is absorbed by chloroplasts
-photon excites electron |
|
|
Term
| the light requirement of C4 p'synth as oppose to C3 p'synth |
|
Definition
| Requires 2x light to fix 1 C |
|
|
Term
| the light rxns that occur in p'synth |
|
Definition
-light absorption
-cyclic and non-cyclic utilization of e- |
|
|
Term
| the major controllers of the photoperiodism response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major phytochrome influences |
|
Definition
| phytochromes A and B (analogous to Pred and Pfred), but they interact w/ other forms of phytochrome |
|
|
Term
| the maximum rate that should be irrigated regardless of irrigation method |
|
Definition
| never apply more than 0.3 to 0.5 inches per hour |
|
|
Term
| the nighttime sensor system used by plants |
|
Definition
| the Pred vs. Pfred interaction of the phytochromes |
|
|
Term
| the path water follows before being transpired |
|
Definition
-taken up by roots
-transported thru plant
-lost thru stomata in leaf as water vapor |
|
|
Term
| the photosystem in which cyclic phosphorylation (photophosphorylation) occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the photosystem in which non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the photosystems consists of arrays of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process of post fertilization development |
|
Definition
1: developing seed signals plant for growth stimulus; this is role reversal
2: plant sends nearly all available CHO, protein, and stored energy to seed
3: ethylene production; this leads to senescence
4: senescence |
|
|
Term
| the pros and cons of traveling gun irrigation |
|
Definition
| low cost, but not very efficient |
|
|
Term
| the rainfall to pan evaporation relationship that constitutes a water deficit |
|
Definition
| when pan evaporation is greater than rainfall |
|
|
Term
| the relationship between temperature and respiration |
|
Definition
| curvilinear or parabolic, such that Respiration doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature (between 4 and 36°C) and (doubles for every 18°F between 40 and 97°F); this is known as the Q10 |
|
|
Term
| the roles of phytochromes C, D, and E |
|
Definition
| to modify the expression of phytochrome A and B, but no one knows exactly how as of yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 673 kcal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rxns OH- goes thru in non-cyclic photophosphorylation |
|
Definition
4 H2O --> 4 H+ + 4 OH-
4 OH- --> 4 OH+ + 4 e-
4 OH+ --> 2 H2O + O2 |
|
|
Term
| the sequence of senescence in pants |
|
Definition
| begins at bottom of plant (oldest leaves) and works its way up a stem; makes sense because bottom leaves contribute least to p'synth while top leaves contribute most |
|
|
Term
| the signal sent out by antipodals |
|
Definition
| Antipotals send out signals saying don’t come here |
|
|
Term
| the signal sent out by synergids |
|
Definition
| Synergids send out signals saying come here |
|
|
Term
| the soil that tends to have the highest infiltration rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soil that tends to have the least available soil water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soil that tends to have the lowest infiltration rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soil that tends to have the most available soil water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stages of crop development |
|
Definition
1: germination
2: first lag phase
3: log phase
4: linear phase
5: second lag phase |
|
|
Term
| the steps of fertilization in order |
|
Definition
1: pollen grain lands on stigma
2: pollen germinates
3: pollen develops tube
4: tube grows into ovary where it fertilizes the ovule |
|
|
Term
| the strategy behind seed production |
|
Definition
| survival of the species (annuals) |
|
|
Term
| the thing in the Calvin cycle that gets sent into the cytoplasm and converted into glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the things involved in photoperiodism |
|
Definition
| 5 phytochromes and at least 2 forms of cryptochromes (sense blue light). Not clear on how they interact at this time. |
|
|
Term
| the things that happen in the light rxns in p'synthesis |
|
Definition
-p'system 2 obtains electrons by splitting water
-light striking the p'systems excites the electrons
-these electrons go down the electron transport chain to p'system 1, attracting H+ ions along the way
-light striking the p'system excites the electrons
-the electrons go down an electron transport chain and get added to NADP+ to form NADPH
-the H+ ions in the thylakoid compartment go down their c'tration gradient thru an enzyme called ATP synthase to generate ATP |
|
|
Term
| the tissue C3 p'synth is found in |
|
Definition
| all leaf parenchyma tissue |
|
|
Term
| the true day/night interaction in plants |
|
Definition
| the one between phytochromes (the night time sensor system) and cryptochromes (the day time sensor system) |
|
|
Term
| the type of center pivot irrigation system that's about 30% more efficient |
|
Definition
| the more modern low pressure system that's low and close to the plant surface; more efficient than high pressure that's high and far from the plant surface |
|
|
Term
| the type of response fertilization in flowers is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of response floral induction is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of response floral initiation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of response that occurs after pollen grain lands on stigma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of response that the phytochrome vs. cryptochrome response is |
|
Definition
| speculation is that this is one of auxin (phytochrome) and gibberellin (cryptochrome) |
|
|
Term
| the type of rxn C3 p'synth is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of pores in clays |
|
Definition
| Clay has lotta micropores |
|
|
Term
| the use of drip irrigation in row crops |
|
Definition
| Not used in row crops very much, but could be useful |
|
|
Term
| the w'length used in cyclic phosphorylation (photophosphorylation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the weed that's the biggest problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in crops where leaves lay flat (level to the soil and perpendicular to the sun), shade others which become parasitic (turns out this is bogus!) |
|
|
Term
| these 2 things interact to trigger flowering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these 3 SE states have conflict over water for irrigation |
|
Definition
| There’s conflict between AL, GA, and FL for that water for irrigation |
|
|
Term
| these control the aperature on the stomata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these interact to promote flowering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that affect pollination in linear phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that can cause flower drop in soybeans |
|
Definition
| may be in response to drought or related to amount of energy available from the plant to fill seed during maturation |
|
|
Term
| things that happen in senescence |
|
Definition
-leaves translocate metabolites (proteins, CHO) to seeds and become functionless
-begins at bottom of plant (oldest leaves) and works its way up a stem; makes sense because bottom leaves contribute least to p'synth while top leaves contribute most
-irreversable |
|
|
Term
| things that may cause flower drop |
|
Definition
-may be in response to drought
-may be related to amount of energy available from the plant to fill the seed during maturation |
|
|
Term
| this color light doesn't have all its energy used to excite an electron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this develops into embryo proper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this develops into suspensor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this governs crop yield when water and nutrients aren't limiting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this happens in the second lag phase |
|
Definition
-grain fill continues
-remobilization of energy from leaves to seed |
|
|
Term
| this is critical late in the linear phase of crop development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is probably the most efficient form of irrigation |
|
Definition
| drip irrigation (close to 100%) |
|
|
Term
| this keeps the soil from heating and in turn heating the atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this kills developing embryo in linear phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this leads to insufficient GA production |
|
Definition
| insufficient water and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| this must occur before terminal spike begins to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this reduces crop quality in the second lag phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this regarding the hormones causes the things to occur |
|
Definition
| the interaction of the hormones |
|
|
Term
| this w'length light doesn't have all its energy used to excite an electron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| timing of flowering of plants with double recessive phy a and phy bcompared to plants with recessive phy b and dominant phy A |
|
Definition
plants with double recessive phy a and phy b will flower earlier than plants with the recessive phy b and dominant phy A
no one knows why, but this is being researched |
|
|
Term
| to evaluate Light Interception and Use, we must examine... |
|
Definition
-Total area of leaves
-Efficiency of the canopy
-Modifications of leaf area and efficiency (disease, insect, weed competition)
-Duration leaf remains on the plant (leaf area duration)
-Day and season length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water lost from crop surfaces
this is a plant process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of lbs of water to produce 1 lb of dry plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TR= weight of water used to grow a unit weight of plant |
|
|
Term
| transpiration ratio (TR) can be used to measure... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transpiration ratio changes with ______ because of... |
|
Definition
climate
changes in temp, relative humidity, and wind |
|
|
Term
| transport of CO2 is affected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| traveling gun irrigation better for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under field conditions, this usually limits p'synth |
|
Definition
| light intensity and CO2 c'tration |
|
|
Term
| under high light and high CO2, this limits p'synth |
|
Definition
| temperature, that is, it limits the biochem processes associated with CO2 fixation |
|
|
Term
| under low light, this limits p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under normal conditions, this limits p'synth |
|
Definition
| c'trtration of atmospheric CO2 limits the diffusion of CO2 into plants and limits PS |
|
|
Term
| underlying principle of the heat unit concept |
|
Definition
| so long as temp does not reach a critical max or min and cause plant death, crop events can be predicted within a crop season |
|
|
Term
| under normal conditions, this controls the diffusion rate of CO2 |
|
Definition
| the c'tration of CO2 on the outside of the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I think this is the initiation of flowering |
|
|
Term
| vernalization must occur before this begins to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| w'length for Pfred phytochrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| w'length for Pred phytochrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water use efficiency (WUE) |
|
Definition
| amount of water used per unit of yield (grain, fiber, forage) |
|
|
Term
| weaknesses of using soil moisture blocks for determining irrigation needs |
|
Definition
-Must calibrate for each soil
-Does not account for soil variability
-Multiple blocks per system
-Expensive |
|
|
Term
| weather in which C4 p'synth does better |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| weight gain in C3 crops vs. weight gain in C4 crops |
|
Definition
| C4 crops gain weight faster and at higher temps than C3 crops |
|
|
Term
| what C3 plants and C3 plants only do when there's more O2 relative to CO2 |
|
Definition
| go from p'synth to respiration |
|
|
Term
| what C4 cells do with C3 cells inside a plant |
|
Definition
| C4 cells feed malate to the C3 cells so the C3 cells have adequate CO2 |
|
|
Term
| what Double fertilization of plant ovules leads to |
|
Definition
| diploid and triploid tissue |
|
|
Term
| what abscisic acid aka dormin promotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what abscisic acid does in plants |
|
Definition
-Promotes dormancy in seed
-Inhibits bud growth
-Promotes leaf drop |
|
|
Term
| what circular pastures are sectioned off into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease does in the second lag phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the negative numbers mean on the map of the center pivot irrigation system? |
|
Definition
| the positive amount of surplus, which means the pores in the soil are getting saturated; all the numbers indicate how much water needs to be added |
|
|
Term
| what drought affects during linear phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ethylene can be used for |
|
Definition
-we can use this to control fruit ripening
-Sometimes, you get fruit with this paper on it that has ethylene to keep it from ripening |
|
|
Term
| what ethylene does in pants |
|
Definition
-Promotes maturation
-Produced in all tissues
+Embryos in seed
+Fruit (banana/apple example) |
|
|
Term
| what ethylene production leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gibberellins promote |
|
Definition
-stem elongation
-seed germination
-fruit set (after pollination) |
|
|
Term
| what giberellic acid can be used for |
|
Definition
-we can spray this on grapes to make grapes seedless
-Rize-up: GA that’s spread onto pastures that got ryegrass such that the grass is primed to continue growing |
|
|
Term
| what happens after fertilization in order |
|
Definition
1: post fertilization development
2: grain fill
3: dry weight accumulation in plant |
|
|
Term
| what happens to energy in p'synth? |
|
Definition
| gets harvested and sent to granum |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ATP and NADPH generated in the light rxns? |
|
Definition
| they're used in the sugar making process of the Calvin cycle |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the H+ in C3 p'synth |
|
Definition
-energy stored as H+ transferred to CHO
-H+ is stored when glucose or starch is formed |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the H+ int the thylakoid compartment? |
|
Definition
| they go down their c'tration gradient thru an enzyme called ATP synthase to generate ATP |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the electrons in non-cyclic photophosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| 1 electron goes back to p'system 1 and the other 3 generate ATP |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the electrons in p'system 1? |
|
Definition
| they are passed down an electron transport chain and added to NADP+ to form NADPH |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the electrons in p'system 2? |
|
Definition
| passed thru another electron transport chain, then used to replenish the electrons in p'system 1 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the energy in the light rxns in p'synth? |
|
Definition
| The energy funneled down into the granum splits the water and HNADP gets converted to NADPH |
|
|
Term
| what happens when we hydrate clays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has happened to the amount of crop land we irrigate from 1994 to 2010? |
|
Definition
| From 1994-2010, the amount of crop land we irrigate has increased 72%, mostly in S. GA, particularly SW GA |
|
|
Term
| what heat affects during linear phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what knowing the cardinal temperatures allows us to do |
|
Definition
| knowing the cardinal temperatures allows us to calculate how much heat has accumulated in the crop's life and predict its stage of development using the heat unit system |
|
|
Term
| what light does in the photosystems |
|
Definition
| excites the electrons in there |
|
|
Term
| what phytochromes A and B are needed for |
|
Definition
| regulation of the time of flowering, but neither is responsible for induction or repression of flowering as previously thought |
|
|
Term
| what pollen does after it lands on the flower |
|
Definition
| Pollen drops onto the stigma, eventually fertilizing egg |
|
|
Term
| what pollen grain does after landing on stigma in order |
|
Definition
-germinates
-develops a tube
-grows into ovary where it fertilizes the ovules |
|
|
Term
| what pollen tubes do in flowers |
|
Definition
| develop from germinating pollen and deliver male gametes to ovule |
|
|
Term
| what short day means as in short day crops |
|
Definition
| responds to when the days are getting shorter |
|
|
Term
| what the computer in the manager's office shows regarding center pivot irrigation |
|
Definition
| map of the field showing the soil types, locations of soil monitoring stations, and amount of water needed to apply to the soil to reach 90% of available soil water |
|
|
Term
| what the energy of the electrons in p'system 2 are used for |
|
Definition
| to pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment, creating a c'tration gradient |
|
|
Term
| what the energy of the sunlight on the soil can do |
|
Definition
| Sufficient energy falling on 1 m2 over the course of the year to supply house with energy for 1 year |
|
|
Term
| what the kcal in the respiration rxn can be used for |
|
Definition
| the growth and development of the plant |
|
|
Term
| what too much shading does to grain crops |
|
Definition
| forces more energy to stalk and less energy to seed |
|
|
Term
| what transpiration ratio can be used for |
|
Definition
| can be used to evaluate water use efficiency |
|
|
Term
| what treatment of seeds w/ ethylene (ethephon) results in |
|
Definition
| more uniform germination of seeds |
|
|
Term
| what we need in order to solve the irrigation water problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would happen if we removed the tassel in corn w/o ears and why? |
|
Definition
ear develops
because ps would normally go to tassel and ear; if we remove tassel, ps goes to meristems and ear develops |
|
|
Term
| what you must know to predict crop water needs |
|
Definition
| the water requirements for the crop by stage of development |
|
|
Term
| what's been happening with the amount of irrigated land vs. what's been happening with population growth |
|
Definition
| The amount of our irrigated land is increasing faster than our population is increasing; demand for food has been increasing |
|
|
Term
| when C3 plants and C3 plants only go from p'synth to respiration |
|
Definition
| when there's more O2 relative to CO2 |
|
|
Term
| when evaporation is important for crops |
|
Definition
| when crop is young and leaf surface not yet developed over soil surface (low LAI) |
|
|
Term
| when irrigation is essential |
|
Definition
| when natural rainfall is insufficient or untimely |
|
|
Term
| when light is this color, there is almost no absorption of light and therefore energy not used to excite electron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when plants do the grain fill process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after pollination but before fertilization of ovaries |
|
|
Term
| when solar radiation governs crop yield |
|
Definition
| when water and nutrients aren't limiting |
|
|
Term
| when the phytochrome is Pfred (P far red) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the phytochrome is Pred (P red) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when vernalization must occur |
|
Definition
| before terminal spike begins to develop |
|
|
Term
| when you have the greatest water use efficiency (WUE) |
|
Definition
| when you have critical leaf index (I think) |
|
|
Term
| when you're irrigating, any time you're over this rate, you have water running off the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where C3 p'synth is found |
|
Definition
| all leaf parenchyma tissue |
|
|
Term
| where RUDP CO~ase is found |
|
Definition
| in mesophyll of C3 and only in bundle sheath of C4 |
|
|
Term
| where abscisic acid is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the stroma of the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| where ethylene is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where gated pipe irrigation is fairly common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where seeds accumulate nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the Calvin cycle happens |
|
Definition
| in the stroma of the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| where the dark rxns occur in C3 plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the light rxns in p'synth occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where you can find Georgia weather information |
|
Definition
| www.griffin.peachnet.edu/bae/ |
|
|
Term
| which age tissue does more respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why C3 p'synthesis is called C3 |
|
Definition
| because the 3 C thing is the first stable compound in here |
|
|
Term
| why C4 p'synth is called C4 |
|
Definition
| because the first stable compound is the 4C oxalic acid compound |
|
|
Term
| why C4 plants are more efficient with hater (higher WUE) |
|
Definition
| because C4 plants have no photorespiration; therefore, more efficient |
|
|
Term
| why C4 plants have a higher CO2 compensation point than C3 plants |
|
Definition
| The reason for this in C4 plants is because of C saturation or something like that |
|
|
Term
| why PS occurs longer in corn than in soybeans in full sun |
|
Definition
| because the CO2 compensation point of corn (a C4 plant) is lower than that of soybeans (a C3 plant) |
|
|
Term
| why cold is required for some crops |
|
Definition
| some crops have a cold requirement to induce vernalization; this is independent of photoperiod |
|
|
Term
| why corn is used for feed instead of barley |
|
Definition
| because corn is more water efficient |
|
|
Term
| why crop yield can become reduced as a result of too much moisture |
|
Definition
| because of lack of oxygen to roots |
|
|
Term
| why energy efficiency of p'synth is low at 400nm blue light |
|
Definition
| because not all the energy is used to excite the electron and one photon is capable of exciting only 1 electron |
|
|
Term
| why environmental or pest stresses affect the crop differently |
|
Definition
| because different events are occurring within the plant's growth stage |
|
|
Term
| why heat is a driving force in crop growth and development |
|
Definition
| because each crop has a minimum temp it needs to be p’synth active and put on weight |
|
|
Term
| why increase in biological yield is not linear |
|
Definition
| because of competition between plants; each plant yields less, but cumulatively yields more |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to know critical LAI |
|
Definition
| so you can make management decisions regarding seeding rate and configuration |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to understand the relationships between auxin and cytokinin |
|
Definition
| very important for genetic engineering of plants/plant cloning. |
|
|
Term
| why late spring planting leads to fewer seeds |
|
Definition
| shorter days, which lead to less ps, which lead to CHO for reproduction |
|
|
Term
| why leaves roll, droop, or scenesce during drought |
|
Definition
| plants attempt to escape drought by reducing evaporative surface and/or limiting exposure of stomata to air |
|
|
Term
| why light at w'length 760nm is good for p'synth |
|
Definition
| because the proportion of energy converted is high because little energy is left over after electron excitation |
|
|
Term
| why low pressure center pivot irrigation is more efficient than high pressure center pivot irrigation |
|
Definition
| less evaporation due to being closer to the crop surface |
|
|
Term
| why p'synth ceases before wilting |
|
Definition
| stomata close as the plant becomes less turgid |
|
|
Term
| why plant breeders have effectively eliminated ABA |
|
Definition
| so that the following crop can be easily planted |
|
|
Term
| why plant leaves are green |
|
Definition
| because when there's green light (525nm), there is almost no absorption of light and therefore energy not used to excite electron |
|
|
Term
| why scientists developed crop growth models |
|
Definition
| to predict the stage of development a crop is in at any time |
|
|
Term
| why the plant prioritizes young tissue |
|
Definition
| because that’s where the new growth comes from |
|
|
Term
| why the true day/night interaction is one between phytochrome and cryptochrome |
|
Definition
| because the blue light sensory system of cryptochromes is a day length sensor in the plants |
|
|
Term
| why there's fewer seeds per plant at higher density |
|
Definition
| decreased light penetration in canopy causes insufficient supply of p'synthate to reproductive regions to develop reproductive parts |
|
|
Term
| why use crop growth models |
|
Definition
| they can be used as a management aid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Management aid (helps predict impact of catastrophic events and such) |
|
|
Term
| why water is a perfect mechanism for dissipating heat in plants |
|
Definition
| Water mixes readily, so heat moves from one area in liquid to another very easily. Therefore, if we are evaporating water from a leaf surface, the water (and leaf) is cooled according to how much is evaporated from the leaf surface. |
|
|
Term
| within a plant, you have this regarding hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high pressure center pivot irrigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low pressure center pivot irrigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
