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Crop Science Test 2
Test 2
929
Agriculture
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2016

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Cards

Term
"pistillate" flower (female)
Definition
lacks stamens
Term
"staminate" flower (male)
Definition
lacks pistil
Term
2 palmer amaranth weeds per 20 row feet of cotton result in how much reduced yield
Definition
23%
Term
5 classes of physiological dormancy
Definition
-growth regulators
-immature embryo
-cold stratification
-light requirement
-fire adapted
Term
APHIS
Definition
Animal Plant Health Inspection Service
Term
Advantage of bed planting
Definition
keeps plant out of the water so it warms up easier; useful in wetter areas; this has to be along the slope
Term
Advantage of furrow planting
Definition
gets more water; useful in dryer areas; this has to be perpendicular to the slope
Term
Brillion seeder
Definition
Seeds and cultipacks all at once
Term
Bulliform cells are next to...
Definition
loose water
Term
Conditions needed for germination
Definition
-Viable embryo
-Water
-Favorable temperature (species dependent)
-Available oxygen
-Suitable light
Term
Descriptive Classification of Plants
Definition
-by growth habit
-climactic
Term
Disturbing the soil leads to...
Definition
all the soil particles (both large and small) being mixed
Term
Easy to apply fertilizers and pesticides when there’s no...
Definition
residue
Term
GMO corn at high population densities leads to...
Definition
greater yield
Term
GMO crops can provide...
Definition
improved yields
Term
GMO vs. pesticide use
Definition
without GMO, your pesticide use will decrease as the system gets closer to tertiary, but with GMO, it’s the other way around
Term
Here in Georgia, heads on tall fescue develop in...
Definition
June
Term
Hypocotyl below...
Definition
cotyledons
Term
Hypoxic areas have high...
Definition
biological oxygen demand
Term
In nature, small seeds need to be where?
Definition
right at the soil surface
Term
In nature, small seeds need to get what light?
Definition
blue light
Term
LP
Definition
liquid propane
Term
Lotta farmers in the Mississippi watershed are mandated to use...
Definition
cover crops
Term
One of the things we can do to make us more efficient
Definition
reduce our dependence on liquid fuel
Term
Options for planting configurations in Peanuts
Definition
-twin row peanuts
-single row peanuts
Term
Origin of Species published in what year?
Definition
1859
Term
Outcrossing between species
Definition
this is basically mating between species under certain conditions that leads to viable offspring and maybe new species
Term
Outcrossing within a species
Definition
finding a mate of the same species
Term
PLS
Definition
%live seed
Term
Sequence of events during germination
Definition
-Absorption of water (post coat-imposed dormancy)
-Activation of enzymes (post physiological dormancy – hormonally controlled)
-Hydrolysis of stored energy
-Translocation of liberated energy to embryo
-Respiration of embryo – mitosis
-Emergence of embryo from soil
-Chloroplast development
-Water/mineral uptake
-Photosynthesis
Term
Some ways seed coats affect germination
Definition
-Water imbibition
-Physical constraint
-Gas exchange; might not get enough oxygen to start germination
-Exit inhibitors
-Supply inhibitors; usually associated with some kind of mineral nutrition, most often nitrogen
Term
TSWV
Definition
tomato spotted wilt virus
Term
The dust bowl was a result of...
Definition
too much plowing
Term
This is used to bust up the plow pan
Definition
a subsoiler
Term
Variables to consider when planting a crop
Definition

-Soil Fertility

-Crop to plant (economic, agronomic)

-Variety of Crop -Method of seedbed preparation

-Pest control

-Row spacing and population denisty

-Outsourcing?

-Timing of planting and timing of harvest

-Storage of crop

-Marketing the crop

Term
______ cells tend to have lots more chloroplasts than cells in the ______
Definition
leaf
stem
Term
a couple pictures showing the difference between conventional tillage and no-till
Definition
conventional on left, no-till on right [image]
Term
a function of abscisic acid in seeds
Definition
makes the seed not germinate right when it hits the ground; this helps it germinate when environmental conditions are right
Term
a land preparation factor that small seeded crops require
Definition
finer seedbed
Term
a plant that resulted from outcrossing between species
Definition
we have a plant called triticale, which is a cross between wheat, triticul, and rye
Term
a type of hypogeal dicot
Definition
English peas
Term
advantage of diesel engines over gasoline engines
Definition
Diesel engines are about 30% more efficient than gasoline engines
Term
advantages of conservation tillage
Definition
-Improves soil physical/chemical conditions (primarily organic matter, but also decaying roots give the soil more macropores)
-Reduced cost in long run
-Less time – more strategic decision making; you cover more ground in less time
-Less erosion
-Increased water infiltration
-Moderates soil temperature
-Reduces fuel cost
Term
advantages of conventional tillage
Definition
-Modifies surface soil conditions
-Easier to apply fertilizers and pesticides
-Reduces overwintering by some insects and diseases
-Buries seeds (Roundup tolerant plants)
-Easier to view crop
Term
advantages of epigeal germination
Definition
-cotyledons are p'synthetically active and provide "leaf-like" functions
-stored energy less critical
-gives extra seedling vigor
Term
advantages of hypogeal germination
Definition
advantageous in the event of catastophic events that might remove vegetation, such as fire, frost, insect, and grazing animal
Term
adventitious
Definition
formed accidentally or in an unusual anatomical position
Term
adventitious root system
Definition
tap root ceases and many adventitious roots
Term
aerobic respiration begins in the ______ and gets completed in the ______
Definition
mitochondria
cytoplasm
Term
ag in the case of row crops seems to be perpetual ______ succession
Definition
primary succession
Term
agronomic classification
Definition
identification of plants based upon agricultural use
Term
aleurone cells produce ______ in monocots
Definition
gibberillic acid and amylase
Term
amount of chloroplasts per plant cell
Definition
generally 20-100
Term
amount of mitochondria per plant cell
Definition
about 1000
Term
amount of plant mass taken up by roots
Definition
usually 1/3
Term
an advantage of secondary tillage
Definition
Less disruptive of the soil
Term
an example of a biennal
Definition
carrots
Term
anatomy of a dicot seed, such as soybean
Definition
[image]
Term
anatomy of a monocot seed, such as corn
Definition
[image]
Term
andromonoecious
Definition
perfect and staminate flowers on same plant
Term
annuals
Definition
complete growth cycle every year by producing seed
Term
another example of members of an ecosystem serving their function
Definition
-grass pasture is a producer
-grazing animal is a utilizer of the pasture, but produces food for man. therefore, grazing animal's primary function is as a utilizer and a secondary function as a producer.
-man is a utilizer of meat product. predator animals sometimes consume meat. parasites are also consumers.
Term
anthesis
Definition
flowering and pollination
Term
antomy of a plant cell
Definition
[image]
Term
are the crops of concern in this course herbaceous or woody perennial?
Definition
herbaceous
Term
at night, when the guard cells close, this happens with the CO2 in the leaf
Definition
the CO2 increases
Term
the at plant insecticide for peanut that has lowest risk score for TSWV
Definition
thimet
Term
awn
Definition
extends from lemma; increases evaporative surface for cooling of flower thru transpiration
Term
bedding
Definition
[image]
Term
best control methods for TSWV
Definition
cultural methods that occur at planting
Term
biennials
Definition
requires 2 growing seasons to complete life cycle
Term
biennials
Definition
crops that if we plant them, they first develop a root system, then the following year, they develop the food
Term
boreal regions
Definition
-colder region of temperate zone
-Alaska
Term
brace roots
Definition
aerial roots
Term
branching in roots
Definition
irregular rather than at nodes as in stem
Term
branching patterns of roots in monocots
Definition
-fibrous (usually shallow) -up to 12 main roots -monocots may have brace roots
Term
brief description of what happens when Rhizobium infects cell
Definition
Rhizobium inhibit cell wall elongation such that it curls around to form what’s called a shepherd’s crook, then the cell wall dissolves
Term
bulb
Definition
[image]
Term
bulbs
Definition
compressed stems with fleshy leaves surrounding them, with each leaf being a "scale" that contains stored food
Term
can the endophyte in tall fescue be non toxic?
Definition
yes
Term
carpel
Definition
segmented chambers in ovary that house ovules; there may be one or many carpels
Term
cellulose
Definition
straight chain of glucose (6C)
Term
cereals
Definition
grasses grown for their edible seed
Term
certification results in...
Definition
-higher yields
-higher crop quality (purity maintained)
-greater return per dollar invested
Term
changes in similar species occurred because of...
Definition
environmental pressures exerted upon the species as Earth's biosphere changed
Term
characteristics of plant morphology crops were bred for
Definition
reduced lodging (falling over)
Term
characteristics of yield crops were bred for
Definition
greater percentage of the plant being the desired component
Term
chisel aka disk harrow used for...
Definition
most commonly used for large seeded crops
Term
chisel aka...
Definition
disk harrow
Term
clean tillage
Definition
no debris left on soil surface
Term
coleoptile
Definition
protective sheath which houses expanding leaves; keeps leaves from abraiding in soil
Term
coleorhiza
Definition
protective coat over root to keep developing root from being abraided by soil
Term
collenchyma
Definition
-Thickened primary cell walls
-contain cytoplasm
-long cylinders
-structural support of young tissue
Term
companion cells found in which plants?
Definition
dicots
Term
complete flower
Definition
contains sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
Term
complex tissues
Definition
tissues made of more than one cell type
Term
components of the pistil
Definition
-ovary
-stigma
-carpel
Term
composition of lignin
Definition
-highly branched and complex
-made of cinnamic acid alcohols (CA)
Term
composition of macrosclereids
Definition
lignified, contain tannins
Term
conservation tillage
Definition
Residue remains on soil surface
Term
conservation tillage aka...
Definition
mulch tillage
Term
contact fungicide
Definition
fungicide that is on seed surface such that the root that comes out is in the fungicide zone, which is the zone of protection
Term
corm
Definition
compressed stem with non-fleshy scales
Term
corm
Definition
[image]
Term
corolla
Definition
all the petals (collectively)
Term
cortex
Definition
region between epidermis and vascular system (parenchyma and schlerenchyma)
Term
cotyledon
Definition
specialized leaf that serves as a food source for developing embryo, usually in the form of oil
Term
crops that don't have to be replanted every year are generally in this stage of succession
Definition
secondary
Term
crops that stay in primary stage of succession
Definition
-corn
-wheat
-soybeans
-peanuts
-cotton
Term
cross section of a mature cotton stem
Definition
[image]
Term
cross section of a monocot leaf
Definition
[image]
Term
cross section of a young cotton stem
Definition
[image]
Term
culling
Definition
removing off types in a seed crop
Term
decreasing germination results from increasing...
Definition
dormancy
Term
depiction of a complete dicot flower
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of a dicot meristem
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of a stem with parts
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of cell containing N fixing bacteria surrounded by sclerenchyma and vascular bundle
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of chloroplast
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of epigeal germination
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of how Rhizobium leads to the formation of root nodules on legume roots
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of how phospholipids act in water
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of how some plant seeds oscilate between dormancy and germination
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of hypogeal germination
Definition
[image]
Term
function of leaf hairs
Definition
help cool leaf surfaces
Term
depiction of meristem grass
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of mitochondrion
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of root meristem
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of the layers of a dicot leaf
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of the layers of a dicot seed coat
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of where subsoiling was done directly beneath the row
Definition
[image]
Term
details about ray cells
Definition
aid in lateral flow of water from vessels
Term
details about schlerenchyma
Definition
-thick-walled, heavily lignified (secondary cell wall)
-non-living
-form a network of interlaced tissues
-schlerids
Term
details about secondary tillage
Definition
-may follow primary tillage, or use in place of where land is already smooth
-less disruptive of the soil
-numerous types of implementts and attachments
Term
details about tracheids in xylem
Definition
-angular, long, slender
-lignified
-contains pits on ends and sides which allow liquid to flow in all directions
Term
details about vessels in xylem
Definition
-modifed tracheids with no ends; they line up end to end to form long tunnels thru which water can flow
-up to 5 ft long
-large diameters compared to tracheids
-highly lignified
Term
difference between feed crops and forages
Definition
forages use all the harvested portion of the plant
Term
dioecious
Definition
staminate and pistillate flowers born on separate plants
Term
disadvantages of Brillion seeders
Definition
These are expensive and high maintenance due to rust out; you don’t want this to sit outside
Term
disadvantages of conservation tillage
Definition
-Increased dependence on chemicals
-High initial cost due to specialized equipment
-Higher incidence of disease/insect pests (so rotate!)
-Higher nutrient leaching due to more macropores; therefore, you have to be more prudent with mobile nutrients, such as nitrogen
-Harder to uniformly apply fertilizers/pesticides because dead organic matter interferes with it
-Weed Resistances are building because of gene tech.
+Will insect resistance follow?
Term
disadvantages of conventional tillage
Definition
-Erosion
-Compaction
-Cost (major consideration – especially for future)
-Reduced soil organic matter
-Loss of soil structure
Term
disk harrow
Definition
[image]
Term
disk harrow aka...
Definition
chisel
Term
do gene technologies portend benefit to the producer?
Definition
not necessarily
Term
do you see the benefit of no till right away?
Definition
no
Term
do you want the endophyte to be in the seed?
Definition
yes
Term
dormancy
Definition
period during which seeds don't germinate even when conditions are favorable
Term
eamples of plants bred for insect or disease resistance or yield
Definition
Georgia green peanuts (tomato spot wilt virus resistant)
Term
eamples of plants bred to grow under specific environmental conditions
Definition
-winter dormancy in alfalfa
-winter hardiness in wheat
Term
eamples of plants bred to meet specific market requirements
Definition
-high lysine corn
-high oil spearmint/peppermint for chewing gum
Term
ecosystem structure
Definition
relations among producers, users, and decomposers
Term
energy content of oil
Definition
2.5 times the energy of carbohydrates
Term
epidermis
Definition
continuous cell layer surrounding plant
Term
epigeal germination
Definition
hypocotyl extends and cotyledons emerge above soil surface
Term
every county in Georgia has resistant...
Definition
Palmer amaranth
Term
example of a plant that has epigeal germination
Definition
soybeans
Term
example of a seed that uses an immature embryo form of dormancy
Definition
peanut
Term
example of an andromonoecious plant
Definition
cantaloupe
Term
example of increased land use reducing genetic diversity
Definition
expansion of ag in Great Plains leaves behind little or no diversity of native grass species
Term
example of members of an ecosystem serving their function
Definition
-corn is a producer
-corn earworms and man are utilizers
-fungi and diseases are decomposers
Term
example of primary succession in Georgia
Definition
grasses and weeds which invade open space (annuals)
Term
example of primary succession in Great Plains
Definition
annual weeds
Term
example of secondary succession in Georgia
Definition
shrubs and small trees-- always changing (perrenials)
Term
example of secondary succession in Great Plains
Definition
-cool season grasses (short lived)
-forbes (small woody plants)
-seedling warm season grasses (long lived)
Term
example of tertiary succession in Georgia
Definition
large trees
Term
example of the specifity of rxns enzymes can catalyze
Definition
some enzymes responsible for respiration; of these, some in cytoplasm, others in mitochondria
Term
example of waste pertaining to vacuole
Definition
tannins in persimmons
Term
examples of complex tissues
Definition
-xylem
-phloem
Term
examples of feed crops
Definition
-all cereals (corn, wheat, barley, etc.). used for energy
-soybeans- soybean meal is used for protein
Term
examples of hardiness in plants
Definition
-xerophytes
-cold tolerance
-drought tolerance
Term
examples of monoecious plants
Definition
-corn
-spinach
Term
examples of oil crops
Definition
-canola
-sunflower
-flax
-safflower
-(also soybean and peanut)
Term
examples of plants that go thru physical dormancy due to hard seed coat
Definition
-vetch
-flax
Term
examples of rotting of lamella when wounds occur
Definition
1: rotten fruit
2: seedling death (house plant cutting)
Term
examples of seed legumes (pulse crops)
Definition
-peanut
-soybean
-field bean
-garden pea
Term
feed crops
Definition
crops and seed or seed product is fed to livestock (usually in western feedlots)
Term
fiber
Definition
[image]
Term
fiber crops
Definition
grown for fiber or clothing, paper
Term
flat land planting
Definition
seeds are planted on flat land
Term
fleshy root
Definition
tap roots swell and become storage organs for food
Term
floral parts in dicots occur in multiples of...
Definition
5
Term
floral parts of monocots occur in multiples of...
Definition
3
Term
food supply in dicot seeds
Definition
cotyledons
Term
food supply in dicot seeds
Definition
lipids or fats
Term
food supply in monocot seeds
Definition
endosperm
Term
food supply in monocot seeds
Definition
amylose or amylopectin
Term
forages
Definition
plants whose products are used by livestock for grazing, haymaking, pelletting, or ensilling
Term
forages aka...
Definition
roughages
Term
function
Definition
role of each member within an ecosystem
Term
function of awn
Definition
increases evaporative surface for cooling of flower thru transpiration
Term
function of collenchyma
Definition
structural/mechanical support of young tissues during early growth
Term
function of companion cells in dicots
Definition
they help to facilitate movement of food in and out of sieve tubes
Term
function of honeydew
Definition
sticky to make pollen stay on there
Term
function of integral proteins
Definition
integrate the outside and the inside of the membrane
Term
function of leghemoglobin
Definition
carries O2 to the Rhizobium in the nodules
Term
function of lemma and palea
Definition
actively photosynthesizing and contribute to energy needed for seed development
Term
function of lignin
Definition
secondary cell wall
Term
function of membranes within cell
Definition
physical barrier between organelles
Term
function of mesophyll
Definition
does lots of p'synth
Term
function of parenchyma in leaf
Definition
p'synth
Term
function of parenchyma in stem/root
Definition
energy storage
Term
function of peripheral proteins
Definition
the ones on the outside of the cell serve as mechanisms for cell communication
Term
function of petals
Definition
to attract pollinators
Term
function of proteins in the lipid bilayer
Definition
to allow things to get into and out of the cell
Term
function of rachilla
Definition
avenue for vascular system to reach flower
Term
function of root hairs
Definition
increase surface area of root for efficient absorption of water and nutrients
Term
function of schlerenchyma
Definition
protection
Term
function of the primary cell wall
Definition
forms a skeleton around the cell and gives the cell form
Term
function of vacuole
Definition
-waste products deposition
-osmotic regulation (drought escape); holds and releases water to maintain normal cell activity
Term
function of vascular system (stem) in plants
Definition
serves as conductive tissue, but also helps support plant; analogous to circulatory system of animals
Term
functions of epidermis
Definition
1: water conservtion (cuticle)
2: gas exchange
3: water absorption in roots (root hairs)
4: secretion (trichomes)
5: plant cooling (hairy leaves)
6: protrection from invading pathogens
Term
functions of roots
Definition
-anchorage
-absorption of water and nutrients
-food storage
Term
gaseous chambers enable plants to...
Definition
be exposed to CO2 gas
Term
germination strategy used by cotton
Definition
epigeal
Term
germination strategy used by grasses
Definition
hypogeal
Term
glumes
Definition
lemma and palea collectively
Term
golgi bodies
Definition
basically remnants of the endoplasmic reticulum that have things the cell is gonna export
Term
gravity feed seeder
Definition
broadcast small seeds- grasses and legumes
Term
guard cells
Definition
special cells which regulate gas exchange by opening and closing (depending upon daylight and environment)
Term
hardy
Definition
will survive winter at a specific temperate climate
Term
hemicellulose
Definition
branched chains of 5C sugars with cellulose backbone
Term
herbicides
Definition
control unwanted insects and diseases
Term
high risk score
Definition
>110
Term
how Rhizobium bacteria get deposited into cell x
Definition
thru infection thread
Term
how deep do the chisel plow/points go
Definition
3-4"
Term
how deep does the disk plow go
Definition
5-6"
Term
how deep does the moldboard plow go
Definition
7-12"
Term
how deep plowing slices
Definition
3-12" deep
Term
how deep subsoilers penetrate
Definition
36-40"
Term
how dormancy guarantees germination in space
Definition
-distance from mother plant
-depth in soil
-open areas of field
-etc.
Term
how dormancy guarantees germination in time
Definition
appropriate season vs. timed germination events within a season
Term
how growth regulators in seeds are removed
Definition
removed by microbial decay or leached from the seed coat by water
Term
how hormones influence genes
Definition
hormones attach to proteins, which can lead to something attaching to the gene and turning the gene on or off
Term
how light and guard cells interact
Definition
light comes on, sugars produced, osmotic potential (ability to take in water) increases, and cells open as a result of swelling
Term
how long it takes for primary succession to occur
Definition
1-4 years
Term
how long it takes for secondary succession to occur
Definition
5-150 years
Term
how many plant muations are beneficial?
Definition
1 of 1500

the rest are harmful or benign
Term
how mitochondria function as power plants
Definition
by releasing energy from respiration in cristae
Term
how nodulation happens
Definition
-shepherd's crook
-nodule formation (4x cortical cell)
-bacteroids
-location on roots (near top)
Term
how plant breeding is directed evolution
Definition
man perceives what's best and develops plant towards that end
Term
how plant tissues are classified
Definition
by structure and function into anatomical features
Term
how plants get infected with TSWV
Definition
insects carrying the disease feed on juvenile plants and infect the developing plants
Term
how some species germinate in response to fire
Definition
there’s a receptor in this seed that the smoke attaches to such that gibberellic acid is activated; there’s a number of species in forested areas that require this
Term
how the atmosphere influenced plants
Definition
the plants caused the c'tration of CO2 in the atmosphere to drop, which led to lower temperatures and weeding out of the plants that couldn't tolerate lower c'trations of CO2 and lower temperatures
Term
how the dormancy in many of our crops left
Definition
we’ve bred the ability to make the seed dormant out of many crops
Term
how the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico occurs
Definition
-Algal bloom occurs that exceeds the limits of nutrient deposition; they die when the nutrient stream stops
-Dead stuff decomposes, which uses up oxygen
Term
how the mother plant controls physiological dormancy
Definition
deposits abscisic acid into the seed
Term
how the seed starts germination process...
Definition
by developing gibberillic acid
Term
how to battle RoundUp resistant weeds
Definition
1: Alternate tillage systems (practical or logical?
2: Rotate crops (Pigweed is easy and cheap to control in grass crops)
3: Alternate transgenic crops (Liberty Link)
4: Add other herbicides to weed control formula (defeats purpose of transgenics)
5: Add additional herbicide resistance to the crop
Term
how to break physical dormancy
Definition
scarification
Term
how to calculate pure live seed
Definition
%purity X %germination
Term
how to calculate the amount of seeds you need to plant per acre
Definition
(recommended plant population per acre)/(%live seed)=seeds/A needed
Term
how to maximize the productivity of a crop species
Definition
you maximize the productivity of a crop species by planting one crop
Term
how vascular bundles are distributed in corn
Definition
[image]
Term
hypogeal germination
Definition
hypocotyl does not extend and cotyledons remain below soil surface; the advantage is temperature and ability to regrow
Term
hypogeal germination is controlled by...
Definition
extension of the hypocotyl
Term
if this doesn't decompose, you don't get germination
Definition
the endosperm
Term
imperfect flower
Definition
male and female portions of plant on separate flowers
Term
in a germinating plant, p'synth is dependent upon...
Definition
leaf expansion
Term
in the hypoxic zone, this depletes the water of its supply of fish
Definition
The decaying process, which requires high amounts of oxygen
Term
in vascular system (stem) of plant, which is on the inside and which is on the outside?
Definition
xylem on inside and phloem on outside
Term
incomplete flower
Definition
lacks one of these: sepals, petals, stamens, or pistils

may lack "showy" parts or male/female parts
Term
increasing germination results from increasing...
Definition
viability
Term
inner parts of the seed coat
Definition
-osteosclereids
-nutrient layer
-aleurone cells
Term
is the cotyledon part of the embryo?
Definition
no
Term
leaf hairs
Definition
[image]
Term
leaves of tomato infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Definition
[image]
Term
legumes can fix N when in association with...
Definition
bacteria called Rhizobium
Term
lemma and palea in monocot flowers
Definition
analogous to petals
Term
light that encourages germination
Definition
blue light
Term
light that gets to seed depends on...
Definition
depth
Term
lister planting
Definition
planting in small valleys where water is channeled to improve germination, usually used where rainfall may be limiting
Term
lister planting
Definition
seeds are planted in the furrows of the tilled soil ranged across a slope; this type of planting the used when the crop needs more water
Term
look at this instead of the harvest date
Definition
test date
Term
low risk score
Definition
<65
Term
many temperate species need winter to obtain this
Definition
vigor/flowering
Term
meaning of tuber
Definition
tuber is Latin for "lump"
Term
membrane
Definition
lipid (fat) layers which compartmentalize cytoplasm
Term
meristematic tissue
Definition
actively dividing, undifferentiated cells
Term
middle lamella
Definition
-pectin which cements cells together
-easily rotted when wounds occur
Term
moderate risk score
Definition
70-110
Term
modern version of the diagram for the cell membrane
Definition
[image]
Term
moldboard plowing
Definition
[image]
Term
monoecious
Definition
staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant
Term
mulch tillage
Definition
tillage implement cuts roots of weeds, but does little or no disturbance to the residue
Term
mulch tillage
Definition
-tillage implement cuts roots of weeds but does little or no disturbance to the residue
-residue on soil surface
Term
no till places seed into the soil without ______________.
Definition
soil disruption
Term
no tillage
Definition
soil disturbed only at the spot where the seed is placed into the soil
Term
nodulation
Definition
infection process in roots
Term
nucleus of cell contains...
Definition
chromosomes, the genetic makeup of the cell
Term
number of stomata differ depending upon...
Definition
leaf surface and crop species
Term
number of stomata on surface of corn and sorghum
Definition
upper: 5200/cm2 lower: 6800/cm2 more on lower than upper
Term
number of stomata on surface of soybean and alfalfa
Definition
upper: 17,000/cm2 lower: 14,000/cm2 more on upper than lower
Term
oil content of canola (mustard)
Definition
40%
Term
oil content of flax (linseed oil)
Definition
45%
Term
oil content of safflower
Definition
30%
Term
oil content of soybeans
Definition
20% oil
Term
oil crops
Definition
grown specifically for oil
Term
one difference between natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems
Definition
-natural ecosystems are complex; species diverse
-agro-ecosystems are simple; usually 1 or 2 species
Term
one of the problems with international crop trade nowadays
Definition
nowadays, we’re bringing some things in the soil that could destroy our soil
Term
one thing that manifests itself in tall fescue with endophyte
Definition
tall fescue with endophyte is bigger than tall fescue without endophyte
Term
only these nodules fix N
Definition
the pink ones
Term
origin of Levant cotton
Definition
Arabia, Sub-Sahara
Term
origin of Pima cotton
Definition
Egypt
Term
origin of tree cotton
Definition
Pakistan, India
Term
origin of upland cotton
Definition
Mexico, Arizona
Term
outer parts of the seed coat
Definition
-cuticle
-suberin
-palisade layer
Term
ovary
Definition
fleshy, modified leaf which houses ovules

as with animals, ovules develop into next generation of seeds after fertilization
Term
parenchyma
Definition
-unspecialized
-most of plant parts
-primary cell walls – cells are “living” (cytoplasm)
+leaf – photosynthesis
+stem/root – energy storage
Term
parenchyma cell in phloem
Definition
[image]
Term
parenchyma cell in xylem
Definition
[image]
Term
part of the plant that remains below the surface after germination
Definition
growing points and food reserves
Term
part of the seed abscisic acid is pumped into
Definition
the cotyledons
Term
parts of forage grasses that don't get digested
Definition
-cell wall
-bundle sheath
Term
parts of the plant that are above the ground during epigeal germination
Definition
growing point and cotyledons
Term
parts of the plant that are largely made up of parenchyma
Definition
-flesh in tubers
-roots
-fruit leaves
Term
peanut planting date that has lowest risk score for TSWV
Definition
May 1-20
Term
pectin
Definition
zig-zag chain of glacturonic acid (6C)
Term
pedicel
Definition
support structure for flower; analogous to petiole for leaf
Term
perennials
Definition
plants that continue to grow indefinitely
Term
perfect flower
Definition
contains both male and female parts even if lacking corolla
Term
petals
Definition
-showy, fleshy structures to attract birds, bees, and such for pollination
Term
photosynthesis stopsbefore you see...
Definition
wilting
Term
physical dormancy
Definition
seed coat is impenetrable to air and water
Term
physical dormancy is imposed by...
Definition
the seed coat
Term
physiological dormancy in the form of an immature embryo
Definition
additional "afterripening" is essential before seed can germinate
Term
physiological dormancy in the form of being fire adapted
Definition
requires smoke to initiate germinating
Term
physiological dormancy in the form of cold stratification
Definition
-seeds must be stored under cool conditions to induce a germination promoter
-common in temperate species
Term
physiological dormancy in the form of light requirement
Definition
small seeds need to be exposed to short wavelength light to germinate; therefore, if planted too deep, they will remain dormant
Term
pistil
Definition
female reproductive structure
Term
plant breeding
Definition
man’s effort to direct the evolutionary process
Term
plant population of peanut that has lowest risk score for TSWV
Definition
>4 per ft
Term
planter used for large seeded crops
Definition
unit planter
Term
planter used for medium seeded crops
Definition
grain drill
Term
planter used for small seeded crops
Definition
grain drill or broadcast
Term
planting
Definition
ideal placement of seed
Term
planting
Definition
[image]
Term
planting should be based on...
Definition
pure live seed and germination
Term
plants that don't do epigeal germination
Definition
monocots
Term
plants that have hypogeal germination
Definition
all grasses and some dicots
Term
details about plowing
Definition
1. used when breaking new ground 2. incorporate residue by inverting soil 3. leaves a rough surface 4. slices 3-12" deep
Term
plow does this to the soil below
Definition
compacts it; even a disk plow does this
Term
plumule
Definition
This is the embryonic bud or apical meristem. If damaged, all growth stops.
Term
pollen is housed within the ______, but is discharged when it becomes mature
Definition
stamen
Term
precision planter
Definition
is a unit planter that plants large seeds such as soybeans, cotton, corn, and peanuts
Term
precision planters can plant in what?
Definition
various ground configurations
Term
preferred seed depth for fine seeded crops
Definition
0.5"
Term
preferred seed depth for large seeded plants like corn and soybean
Definition
2-3" because they can tolerate and prefer deeper seed placement
Term
preferred seed depth for smaller seeds (grains)
Definition
shallower depth, such as 1.5-2"
Term
primary functions of plant parts
Definition
-storage in roots
-p'synth in leaves, stems
Term
primary tillage
Definition
buries plant debris by inverting top soils; this catalyzes the decomposition of organic matter
Term
product of p'synth
Definition
sugars, which increase in guard cell in light
Term
progenitor
Definition
this means early generator
Term
puncture past this layer causes sharp increase in germination
Definition
osteosclerids
Term
puncture vs. germination
Definition
greater germination with deeper puncture
Term
purpose of dormancy
Definition
-guarantee germination in space
-guarantee germination in time
Term
purpose of seed certification
Definition
to make available public sources of high quality, genetically pure seed of superior varieties
Term
rachilla
Definition
similar to leaf petiole; avenue for vascular system to reach flower
Term
radicle
Definition
immature root; if damaged, no roots develop because this is the meristem for the root
Term
radicle
Definition
basically some kind of root
Term
ray cell in phloem
Definition
[image]
Term
ray cell in xylem
Definition
[image]
Term
receptacale
Definition
portion of flower from which all flower parts develop
Term
rhizome
Definition
underground lateral stem from which new shoots develop
Term
rhizomes
Definition
[image]
Term
ridge planting
Definition
planting on top of small hills to prevent waterlogging of seed or seedling
Term
ridge planting
Definition
sees are planted on the tops of the arch or ridge of the tilled soil
Term
root hairs develop from...
Definition
epidermal cells
Term
row pattern for peanuts that has lowest risk score for TSWV
Definition
twin rows
Term
scarification
Definition
scraping the seed surface
Term
schlerenchyma
Definition
-Lignified secondary cell walls
-“non-living”
-network of interlaced sheets of tissues
-vascular system, protection
Term
schlerids
Definition
bundles of schlerenchyma which provide support or protection, such as nut shells
Term
sclerenchema cells make this tissue
Definition
sclerefied tissue
Term
secondary tillage
Definition
May follow primary tillage, or use in place of where land is already smooth
Term
seed legumes (pulse crops)
Definition
grown for edible seeds and/or oil
Term
seed legumes aka...
Definition
pulse crops
Term
seed size vs. planting depth
Definition
the bigger the seed, the deeper you gotta plant it
Term
seeding
Definition
plant according to a rate based upon pure live seed and germination
Term
seeds
Definition
-plants in arrested stage of development
-must be under appropriate conditions to germinate
Term
seeds that use cold stratification form of dormancy
Definition
temperate species
Term
selectively breeding plants led to...
Definition
-uniform maturity
-uniform height
-semi-dwarf and dwarf plants
-yield
Term
sieve tube element and companion cell
Definition
[image]
Term
signs of quality seed
Definition
-plumpness
-insect free; no insect damage
-disease free
-no mechanical injury (that is, no split seeds)
-uniformity in size, shape, color, etc.
Term
some Agronomic Classifications of Plants
Definition
-cereals
-forages
-seed legumes
-fiber crops
-feed crops
-oil crops
-turf crops
Term
some annual crops
Definition
-corn
-soybeans
-wheat
-beans
-peanuts
-tobacco
Term
some causes of physical dormancy
Definition
-hard seed coat
-waxy seed coat
Term
some characteristics about the perpetual primary successionary stage of agroecosystems
Definition
1: nutrients - high
2: available water - high
3: little or no competition to invaders
Term
some chemicals found in chloroplast
Definition
-chlorophyll A
-chlorophyll b
-carotene
-xanthophyll
Term
some climactic adaptations crops can have in temperate regions
Definition
-grow where considerable freezing occurs
-extremely diverse
-Arctic to N. Florida
Term
some climactic adaptations crops can have in tropical regions
Definition
-grow in warm climates
-usually perennial
-shed leaves once a year in response to change of season, but usually considered evergreen
Term
some climactic growth classifications of plants
Definition
-tropical
-temperate
-hardiness
Term
some criteria for measuring seed quality
Definition
-purity (% of the crop you want)
-viability (% of seed which is alive)
-germination (% of seed which germinates)
Term
some crops that are biennials
Definition
-beets
-carrots
-onions
-cabbage
-fruit and nut trees
-alfalfa
-rhubarb
-cotton (tropics)
-tomato (tropics)
-most grass pastures
Term
some crops that tend to be in secondary succession
Definition
-alfalfa
-pastures
-fruit & nut trees
Term
some crops with large seeds
Definition
-Corn
-peanuts
-cotton
-soybean
Term
some crops with medium seeds
Definition
Small grains, such as...
-wheat
-barley
-oats
Term
some crops with small seeds
Definition
-Grasses
-clovers
-sesame
Term
some descriptive classifications of crops
Definition
-growth habit
-climactic adaptation
-agrinomic classification
Term
some details about Golgi bodies
Definition
-come from ER
-contain building blocks of cell walls
-deliver building blocks to cytoplasmic membrane; CM transfers to outside of cell. Proteins in CM assemble cell wall
Term
some details about cinnamic acid alcohols (CA) in lignin
Definition
-toxic to microbes in pure form
-associated with diseases resistance, insect resistance, forage quality
Term
some details about collenchyma
Definition
-elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls
-usually strands of continuous cylinders
-function of mechanical support during early growth
Term
some details about hemp
Definition
-same genus and species as marijuana, but doesn’t have the same THC content as the drug marijuana
-the fiber of hemp is so rough that you have to wear gloves when handling it
Term
some details about parenchyma
Definition
-unspecialized tissue
-makes up large portion of many plant parts, such as flesh in roots, tubers, root leaves
-thin walled cells
-carry out primary functions of plant parts
Term
some details about phloem
Definition
responsible for transporting manufactured food from p'synth in leaf to other parts of the plant
Term
some details about ribosomes
Definition
-made of RNA
-synthesize proteins
Term
some details about seeds
Definition
-miniature plants (embryo)
-built in food supply in endosperm (monocots) or cotyledons (dicots)
Term
some details about sieve tubes
Definition
-walls cellulose only
-no nucleus (dead)
Term
some details about the chloroplast
Definition
-food manufacturing center
-contains chlorophyll which captures sunlight
Term
some details about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
1: mechanism for carrying RNA to sites where proteins (enzymes) are synthesized
2: similar to telephone lines in a computer network
3: made up of membrane materials (fats and lipids)
Term
some details about the nucleus
Definition
1: chromosomes contain DNA similar to mainframe computer in a computer network genetic memory (controls function)
2: controls protein synthesis by generating RNA
Term
some details about xylem
Definition
-primary water conducting tissue
-non-living
-made of tracheids, vessels, and ray cells
Term
some details of the cytoplasm
Definition
-cell matrix which houses the physiological and biochemical activities of the cell
-some functions carried out within cytoplasm
-others in organelles within cytoplasm
-primarily water (90%)- remainder minerals, proteins, fats, CHO
Term
some entities that certify seeds
Definition
-Georgia Crop Improvement Association
-Georgia Seed Development Commission
Term
some examples of cereals
Definition
-rice
-corn
-sorghum
-wheat
-barley
-oats
-rye
Term
some examples of climax community species
Definition
mature oak and hickory forests
Term
some examples of growth regulators regarding dormancy
Definition

-inhibitors found in seed coat or endosperm

-tanin in lespedeza

-unsaturated lactones in tomato

Term
some examples of intermediate species
Definition
-grasses
-shrups
-pines
-young oaks
-hickory
Term
some examples of oil crops
Definition
-Canola
-sesame
-sunflower
-flax
Term
some examples of pioneer species
Definition
-annual plants (1-2 years)
-grasses and perennials (3-4 years)
Term
some examples of turf crops
Definition
-Bermudagrass
-St. Augustine
-Zoysia
-Centipede
-Seashore Paspalum
-Bentgrass
Term
some fact about soil tillage
Definition
-Controls weeds
-Easier to observe crop
Term
some factors affecting purity
Definition
-weed seed
-other crops
-inert matter
Term
some factors in primary tillage
Definition
-soil type
-time to plow
Term
some flower types
Definition
-complete flower
-incomplete flower
-perfect flower
-imperfect flower
Term
some forages in the Gramineae family
Definition
-Bahia grass
-bermudagrass
-tall fescue
-orchardgrass
-pearl millet
-annual ryegrass
-cereal rye
-wheat
Term
some forages in the Legumineae family
Definition
-White clover
-crimson clover
-arrowleaf clover
-alfalfa
Term
some ground configurations percision planters can plant in
Definition
-flat land
-lister
-ridge planting
Term
some growth habits crops can have
Definition
-annuals
-biennials
-perennials
Term
some info about seed germination
Definition
-Utilizes stored seed reserves to establish an independent plant
-Considered complete only after there's sufficient roots to anchor plant and sufficient leaf area to provide food
-Therefore, leaf area development is of paramount importance
Term
some inputs used to optimize the ecosystem to maximize productivity
Definition
1: tillage
2: planting
3: herbicides
4: pesticides
5: harvesting equipment
6: storage equipment
Term
some instruments used in secondary tillage
Definition
-disk
-harrow
-chisel
-sweeps
-disk harrow
-spring loaded harrow w/ lever
-cultipacker
Term
some major areas with chronic soil compaction
Definition
[image]
Term
some members of the Leguminae family that are in the forages category
Definition
-white clover
-crimson clover
-arrowleaf clover
-alfalfa
Term
some myth about soil tillage
Definition
-Loosens the soil for root growth
-Crop residue is bad for crops
Term
some non-living parts of plant cells
Definition
-primary cell wall
-middle lamella
-lignin
Term
some objectives of seedbed preparation
Definition
1: provide good seed/soil contact
2: place seed at appropriate depth
3: maintain physical condition of soil
4: weed control
Term
some parts of dicot flowers
Definition
-petals
-corolla
-pistil
-stamens
Term
some parts of monocot flowers
Definition
-lemma and palea (analogous to petals)
-pistil
-stamen
-awn
-rachilla
Term
some parts of the seed coat
Definition
-testa
-endosperm
-waxy cuticle
-sub-cuticle (suberin)
-macrosclereids
-osteosclereids
-nutrient layer
-aleurone cells
Term
some plants in which brace roots are common
Definition
cypress
Term
some plants in which bulbs are common
Definition
-onion
-tulip
Term
some plants in which corms are common
Definition
gladiolus
Term
some plants in which rhizomes are common
Definition
-tall fescue
-bahiagrass
Term
some plants in which spines are common
Definition
-blackberries
-roses
Term
some plants in which stolons are common
Definition
-bermudagrass
-white clover
Term
some plants in which tap roots are common
Definition
-sugar beet
-carrot
-alfalfa
Term
some plants in which tubers are common
Definition
potato
Term
some precautionary measures to take when applying fungicides
Definition
-read label
-wear protective clothing
-treat only what you will need
Term
some reasons flowers and seeds are important
Definition
-Flowers sensitive to stresses
-Harvested unit comes from flowers (most) -Seeds used for crop establishment
-WEEDS!!!!!
Term
some simple tissues in plants
Definition
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-schlerenchyma
Term
some small grains
Definition
-wheat
-barley
-oats
Term
some temperate plants
Definition
peanuts and such
Term
some things about the physical condition of soil
Definition
-aggregation
-aeration
-water infiltration
Term
some things breeders might breed plants for
Definition
-to meet specific market requirements
-to grow under specific environmental conditions
-bred for insect or disease resistance or yield
Term
some things endophyte in fescue can cause in livestock
Definition
-bad presentation when giving birth
-being unable to dissipate heat
Term
some things found in chloroplasts
Definition
-granum
-stroma
-outer membrane
-thylakoid
Term
some things found in leaves
Definition
-stomata
-guard cells
-upper epidermis
-lower epidermis
-mesophyll
-palisade
-spongy
-bundle
-bundle sheath
-vein
-gaseous chambers
Term
some things label laws require to be on the label
Definition
-Variety
-% Germination
-% Purity
-Test date (replaces harvest date); gotta look at test date instead of harvest date
-% Weed seed
-% Noxious Weed Seed
-Origin
-% Inert Matter
Term
some things that cause variation within a plant species
Definition
-mutation
-outcrossing within a species
-outcrossing between species
Term
some things to think about when preparing a soil
Definition
1: reduce weed problems; make the fields weed free
2: adequate moisture
3: appropriate placement of the seed down into the soil
4: appropriate population densities
Term
some tropical plants
Definition
corn, which is a type of warm season grass, cotton, and such
Term
some types of complex tissues in plants
Definition
-vascular system (xylem and phloem)
-pith
-cortex
-parenchyma (storage in stem, some photosynthesis)
Term
some types of conservation tillage
Definition
-no tillage
-mulch tillage
-strip tillage
Term
some types of conventional tillage
Definition
-clean tillage
-primary secondary
-secondary tillage
Term
some types of gravity fed seeders
Definition
-broadcast
-grain drill
Term
some types of inert matter that affect purity
Definition
-twigs
-soil
-rocks
-etc.
Term
some types of modified stems that occur above ground
Definition
-stolons
-spines
-spurs
-thorns
Term
some types of modified stems that occur below ground
Definition
-bulbs
-corm
-rhizome
-tubers
Term
some types of roots that can occur in dicots
Definition
-tap root -adventitious root system -fleshy root -brace root
Term
some types of seeders
Definition
-gravity fed
-percision planter
Term
some types of terrain modification
Definition
-Leveling (pits from stumps, ruts from equipment)
-Terracing (erosion control)
-Drainage tiles (?) – watch out for potential litigation
Term
some types of tissue in plants
Definition
-meristematic
-simple tissues
-complex tissues
Term
some types of tissue in plants
Definition
-vascular (stem)
-cortex
-epidermis
-roots
-leaves
-flowers
-seeds
Term
some uses for safflower oil
Definition
-deisel replacement
-cooking oil
Term
some uses for soybean oil
Definition
-mustard
-mayo
-margarine
Term
something about land races of corn
Definition
Land races of corn were extremely tall and (generally) had small ears
Term
something about primary succession
Definition
-nutrients in soil high -H2O 8 what's the 8 supposed to mean?
Term
something about secondary succession
Definition
nutrients tied up in primary invaders
Term
something about tertiary succession
Definition
climax vegetation
Term
something in soil that can result from continuous plowing
Definition
a plow pan
Term
something that weeds have that many of our crop plants don't
Definition
Weeds have some important survival traits that were bred out of crops.
Term
something tillage reduces in the soil
Definition
moisture content
Term
something to consider in primary tillage
Definition
soil type and time to plow
Term
something unique about the growing point in peanuts
Definition
Peanuts have their growing point right at the soil surface
Term
something unique about tree cotton
Definition
it grows like a tree and it’s perinnial
Term
something we disabled in most row crops
Definition
dormancy
Term
soon after this, all the cells in the embryo develop
Definition
fertilization
Term
species found in primary succession
Definition
pioneer species
Term
species found in secondary succession
Definition
intermediate species
Term
species found in tertiary succession
Definition
climax community
Term
species persistence is a result of...
Definition
survival of the fittest
Term
spike toothed harrow
Definition
very fine seedbed; usually for small seeded crops
Term
spines
Definition
woody plant stems which have restricted lateral growth, such as thorns
Term
spines
Definition
[image]
Term
some examples of fiber crops
Definition

-cotton

-hemp

-kafir

-flax

Term
spurs
Definition
fruit trees; lateral growth of shortened internodes; this is where buds develop for flowers
Term
stigma
Definition
top of pistil; this can have honeydew on it
Term
stolons
Definition
stems which grow horizontally above the ground from which new tillers arise
Term
stolons
Definition
[image]
Term
stomata
Definition
specialized structure to permit gas exchange in leaf for photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration
Term
stomata
Definition
The opening beyond the guard cells
Term
strip tillage
Definition
disturbs a narrow band of soil where seed will be placed; crop is planted within the tilled area
Term
structure of the vascular system (stem) in plants
Definition
-continuous system where xylem and phloem are associated, but generally xylem on inside and phloem on outside
-surrounding tissue is pith
Term
subsoilers
Definition
breaks up hardpan below soil surface; steel shanks penetrate the soil 36-40"
Term
subsoiling good or bad for plants?
Definition
good
Term
subtropical regions
Definition
-Florida
-S. Texas
-Mexico
Term
superior varieties developed by...
Definition
plant breeders
Term
systemic fungicide
Definition
fungicide that gets taken up by the root system so the fungicide gets into the plant and helps the plant resist fungi
Term
tap root
Definition
main root of plant with few secondary roots
Term
temperature factors that lots of the crops that are planted in the spring of the year need for germination
Definition
daily variation to get the appropriate signals to germinate
Term
temperature factors that many plants that germinate in fall need for stratification
Definition
warm stratification, so it needs summer
Term
temperature factors that many plants that germinate in spring need for germination
Definition
cold stratification, so they need a winter
Term
tender
Definition
require special protection at that specific environment
Term
the 2 families of forages
Definition
-Gramineae
-Legumineae
Term
the amount of chloroplasts per cell depends on...
Definition
amount of sunlight
Term
the behavior of the proteins depends on...
Definition
the chemistry of the proteins
Term
the benefit of having a perennial
Definition
not having to reestablish it year after year
Term
the characteristics we bred upland cotton to have
Definition
-shorter in stature
-bigger bolls
Term
the composition of the primary cell wall
Definition
-pectin
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
-protein
Term
the concern caused by plant breeding
Definition
the concern about wild forms for future use
Term
the cotton we grow in Georgia
Definition
upland cotton
Term
the cycle of ecological succession
Definition
1: disruption
2: primary
3: late primary/ early secondary
4: secondary
5: early tertiary
6: tertiary (mature)
7: back to 1
Term
the desired configuration for bed planting
Definition
along the slope
Term
the desired configuration for furrow planting
Definition
perpendicular to the slope
Term
the different types of row-crop planting
Definition
[image]
Term
the epidermis develops from this meristematic tissue
Definition
protoderm
Term
the family all cereals belong to this family
Definition
Gramineae (grass)
Term
the first cells to become p’synthetically active in the day
Definition
guard cells
Term
the first cells to close before anything else in the leaf
Definition
guard cells
Term
the function of mitochondria
Definition
power plants
Term
the function of proteins in the membrane
Definition
to help import/export substances across the membrane
Term
the functions of enzymes
Definition
they catalyze specific rxns in the cell
Term
the genetic coding and the turning on of genes both occur in the...
Definition
nucleus
Term
the hypoxic zone happens as a result of...
Definition
bad land management
Term
the interface between the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico
Definition
[image]
Term
the meristematic ground meristem develops into this mature tissue
Definition
parenchyma
Term
the meristematic procambium develops into this mature tissue
Definition
xylem and phloem
Term
the meristematic protoderm develops into this mature tissue
Definition
epidermis
Term
the most common fungicide
Definition
CAPTAN
-dust
-liquid
-slurry
Term
the most important aspect of getting a good crop
Definition
PLANNING BEFORE PLANTING
Term
the parenchyma develops from this meristematic tissue
Definition
ground meristem
Term
the part of forage grasses from which animals get all the goody and why that is
Definition
mesophyll because it is easily digested
Term
the phloem develops from this meristematic tissue
Definition
procambium
Term
the physiological dormancy of a seed is controlled by...
Definition
abscisic acid
Term
the pink on the inside of the nodules is an indicator of ______
Definition
leghemoglobin
Term
the problem with plant breeding
Definition
What are we discarding? Are we decreasing genetic diversity?
+problem is we’re throwing away some things we can’t see that could be beneficial
Term
the progenitor/ancestor of the modern corn plant
Definition
Teosinte
Term
the seeds a cocklebur contains
Definition
2 different seeds, one green and immature and one brown and mature
Term
the soil particles that require the most energy to move
Definition
sand
Term
the stage of development agroecosystems tend to stay in and why
Definition
perpetual primary successionary stage of development due to crops being harvested each year
Term
the suffix geal means...
Definition
soil
Term
the texture of flax
Definition
flax has a real fine fiber
Term
the thing about how we treat cotton and its actual life cycle
Definition
we treat cotton as an annual, but it’s actually a perineal
Term
the tillage practice that returns the most organic matter
Definition
no till
Term
the tissue that surrounds the vascular tissue
Definition
pith
Term
the types of successions that occur in ecosystems
Definition
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
Term
the use of cereals as feed crops
Definition
used for energy
Term
the use of soybeans as feed crops
Definition
the soybean meal is used for protein
Term
the vascular system (stem) of a plant consists of...
Definition
xylem and phloem
Term
the xylem develops from this meristematic tissue
Definition
procambium
Term
these cells are next to loose water
Definition
Bulliform cells
Term
these cells produce gibberillic acid and amylase in monocots
Definition
aleurone cells
Term
things from inside the cell get exported by...
Definition
the reticulum, something like that
Term
things used to do primary tillage
Definition
-plow
-subsoilers
Term
this bears pollen
Definition
the anther
Term
this causes “hypoxic” or dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico.
Definition
Excessive erosion and nutrient loading
Term
this controls what happens outside of the nucleus
Definition
what’s transcribed in the cell nucleus
Term
this forces plants to adapt and make changes
Definition
changes in the environment
Term
this happens when an ecosystem is destroyed (fire, insect, man, etc.)
Definition
a series of events called successions
Term
this is produced while respiration occurs in germinating seed
Definition
ATP
Term
this is the zone of illuviation
Definition
the B layer
Term
this makes nodules pink
Definition
leghemoglobin
Term
this makes sclerefied tissue
Definition
sclerenchema cells
Term
this makes up the majority of the root surface
Definition
root hairs
Term
this might have something to do with the center of production differing from the center of origin
Definition
absence of natural predators in the center of production
Term
this plant causes physiological dormancy
Definition
mother plant
Term
this stops before you see wilting
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
this tells the seed to turn off
Definition
abscisic acid
Term
this tells the seed to turn on
Definition
gibberillic acid
Term
this tillage maintains moisture better
Definition
conservation tillage
Term
thorns
Definition
[image]
Term
tillage
Definition
preparation of seedbed, weed control
Term
tillage practice that reduces tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV)
Definition
conservation tillage
Term
tillage that has lowest risk score for TSWV
Definition
strip till
Term
times accross the field vs. times you compact the soil
Definition
The fewer times you go across the field, the fewer times you compact the soil
Term
today's crops compared to their wild ancestors
Definition
most of today's crops don't resemble their wild ancestors
Term
tracheid
Definition
[image]
Term
trichomes
Definition
glandular epidermal cells
Term
tuber
Definition
[image]
Term
tubers
Definition
greatly enlarged, fleshy portions of rhizomes
Term
turf crops
Definition
seed/sod used for lawn/athletic surfaces
Term
type of row you have on strip till
Definition
only single row
Term
type of tillage where you can do the tilling and the planting at the same time
Definition
strip tillage
Term
types of annuals
Definition
-summer annuals
-winter annuals
Term
types of cells found in the phloem
Definition
-sieve tube element
-companion cell
-fiber
-parenchyma cell
-ray cell
Term
types of cells found in the xylem
Definition
-tracheids
-vessels
-ray cells
-vessel element
-parenchyma cell
-fiber
Term
types of climactic adaptations crops can have
Definition
-tropical
-temperate
Term
types of dormancy
Definition
-physiological
-physical
Term
types of fungicides
Definition
-contact
-systemic
Term
types of germination strategies
Definition
-Hypogeal
-Epigeal
Term
types of implements and attachments used in secondary tillage
Definition
-Disk
-harrow
-chisel
-sweeps
Term
types of precision planters
Definition
-plate type
-belt type
-vacuum planter
Term
types of tillage
Definition
-conventional tillage
-conservation tillage
Term
uses for canola oil
Definition
-cooking oil
-deisel replacement
-lubricant
Term
uses for flax (linseed oil) oil
Definition
-wood finishing products
-paints
Term
vascular cells are these types of cells
Definition
sclerancema cells
Term
vascular system in dicots
Definition
-primary vascular system is discontinuous, but secondary vascular system is continuous
-crops generally herbaceous; no secondary vascular system
Term
vascular system in monocots
Definition
discontinuous and in vascular bundles
Term
vectors of TSWV
Definition
tobacco thrips and western flower thrips
Term
vessel element
Definition
[image]
Term
we have lots of dormancy in these crops
Definition
forages
Term
what APHIS does
Definition
permits international export that’s supposed to prevent the spread of disease
Term
what Darwin said about who survives
Definition
"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change." quote from 1809
Term
what Darwin started studying after writing The Origin of Species
Definition
earthworms
Term
what Darwin talks about in The Origin of Species
Definition
the ability to withstand pressures
Term
what Pima cotton is used for
Definition
really fine fabric
Term
what a spike toothed harrow is used for
Definition
to create a very fine seedbed, usually for small seeded crops
Term
what are some solutions to no till planting
Definition
1. alternate tillage systems (deep plowing)
2. rotate crops (such as grass crops that are easy to control)
3. alternate transgenic crops (liberty link)
4. add other herbicides to weed control formula
5. add additional herbicide resistance to the crop
Term
what are the advantages of conservation tillage
Definition
1. improves soils physical/chemical conditions (organic matter)
2. reduced cost in the long run
3. less time- more strategic decision making
4. less erosion
5. increased water infiltration
6. moderates soil temperature
7. reduces fuel cost
Term
what are the disadvantages of conservation tillage
Definition
1. increased dependence on chemicals
2. high initial cost
3. higher incidence of disease/insect pests (so rotate!)
4. higher nutrient leaching
5. harder to uniformly apply fertilizers
Term
what are the three types of precision planters
Definition
plate type, belt type, vacuum planter
Term
what are the three types of seeders
Definition
1 gravity feed
2 precision planter
3 grain drill
Term
what biennials do in the 1st year
Definition
plant accumulates food reserves and stores them in organs
Term
what biennials do in the 2nd year
Definition
produce seed
Term
what broadcast seeders are used for
Definition
small seeded crops, such as grasses and legumes
Term
what causes hydrolysis of stored foods in a seed?
Definition
enzymes
Term
what causes the activation of enzymes in a seed?
Definition
growth regulators
Term
what chloroplast and mitochondria have in common
Definition
-both have own DNA and RNA
-originated from bacteria
-divide within a cell independent of cell division
-prokaryotic-- no nucleus, no cell wall
Term
what conservation tillage does to tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV)
Definition
reduces it
Term
what cotyledon does in grass other than serve as a food source
Definition
provides protection against damage when seed germinates and leaves begin to expand
Term
what cultipacking can be used for
Definition
to press seed into soil
Term
what cutting disk does
Definition
cuts thru organic matter
Term
what disk harrowing does to the soil
Definition
Mixes it in at the surface
Term
what do genetically modified crops produce?
Definition
higher yields
Term
what endoplasmic reticulum (ER) does with RNA
Definition
transports RNA to different sites in the cell
Term
what endosperm is made of
Definition
starch
Term
what expressing the oil out of soybeans does to the bean
Definition
robs bean of energy
Term
what feed crops are grown for
Definition
to be fed to livestock
Term
what fine soil particles leads to
Definition
-crusting
-no or poor seed germination
Term
what forages are grown for
Definition
-pasture
-hay
-silage
-pelleting
Term
what grain drill seeders are used for
Definition
-small seeded grains
-grasses
Term
what growth regulators do in seeds
Definition
-usually block enzyme activity
-either removed by microbial decay or leached from seed coat by water
Term
what guard cells do at night
Definition
close
Term
what happened to the dormancy of most row crop seeds?
Definition
we disabled it
Term
what happens when a seed absorbs water?
Definition
growth regulators become distributed
Term
what is A?
[image]
Definition
new bud
Term
what is B?
[image]
Definition
elongated bud
Term
what is C?
[image]
Definition
newly developed tiller
Term
what is a disadvantage to no till planting
Definition
weeds such as round up resistant pigweed
Term
what is done to off types in a seed crop
Definition
removed (culled)
Term
what is the advantage to ridge planting
Definition
water can pool in between the ridges and they can drain the field more easily, but the field will have to be downward sloping
Term
what is the cost to prepare seed bed and plant with conventional tillage
Definition
$180
Term
what is the cost to prepare seed bed and plant with no till
Definition
$50
Term
what kudzu bugs eat other than kudzu
Definition
soybeans and other stuff and such
Term
what land preparation does to virgin land
Definition
-Remove vegetation (trees, shrubs, stumps, rocks)
-Terrain modification
-Plow (?)
Term
what leveling and smoothing does
Definition
breaks up large soil clods into smaller clods
Term
what nectaries in the flower do
Definition
give the flower a scent
Term
what no-till does
Definition
places seed into soil without soil disruption
Term
what oil crops are grown for
Definition
oil
Term
what part of the chloroplast is number 1?
[image]
Definition
granum
Term
what part of the chloroplast is number 2?
[image]
Definition
thylakoid
Term
what part of the chloroplast is number 3?
[image]
Definition
stroma
Term
what part of the chloroplast is number 4?
[image]
Definition
outer membrane
Term
what perennials do in winter
Definition
they die back each winter, but regrow from energy stored in roots
Term
what plant breeding does
Definition
-Selects plants (crops) for environmental niches
-manipulates genetic variability within a species or within related species
Term
what plowing does to the soil
Definition
-incorporates residue by inverting soil
-leaves rough surface
Term
what precision planters are used for
Definition
large seeded plants, such as soybeans, cotton, corn, and peanuts
Term
what primary tillage results in
Definition
plow layer
Term
what remains on the soil surface in conservation tillage?
Definition
residue remains on the soil surface
Term
what removing the cotyledons leads to
Definition
more germination
Term
what scarification does to seed
Definition
breaks seed coat to permit gas and water exchange with seed
Term
what sclerefied cells do for N fixation
Definition
Sclerefied cells serve to protect the nodule
Term
what sclerenchymous tissue does for N fixation
Definition
Sclerenchymous tissue provides a barrier for protection of the cells fixing nitrogen.
Term
what seed legumes aka pulse crops are grown for
Definition
edible seeds and/or oil
Term
what seed legumes are called on a global basis
Definition
pulse crops
Term
what seeds contain
Definition
miniature plants, often with leaf structures already in the seeds

food supply included
Term
what simple ecosystems do for a species
Definition
maximize its productivity
Term
what some seeds, like weed seeds, do regarding dormancy
Definition
oscilate between dormant and non-dormant
Term
what spreads tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV)?
Definition
an insect called a thrip
Term
what springtoot harrow and a spike harrow does
Definition
pulverizes the soil and makes a fine seedbed
Term
what subsoil tiller does
Definition
goes down into subsoil
Term
what subsoilers do
Definition
use steel shanks to break up hard pan below soil surface
Term
what the acreage of corn has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increased
Term
what the acreage of cotton has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decreased
Term
what the acreage of hay has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decreased
Term
what the acreage of peanut has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increased
Term
what the acreage of soybean has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increased
Term
what the acreage of tobacco has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decreased
Term
what the acreage of wheat has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increased
Term
what the green immature seed in a cocklebur is designed to do
Definition
wait for the right time to germinate
Term
what the hazard communication data on a label tells you
Definition
what not to do
Term
what the per bushel price of corn has done since 2012
Definition
declined
Term
what the seedbed provides for the crop
Definition
suitable environment
Term
what the total value of corn has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the total value of cotton has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the total value of hay has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decrease
Term
what the total value of peanut has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the total value of soybean has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the total value of tobacco has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decrease
Term
what the total value of wheat has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the value/A of corn has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the value/A of cotton has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the value/A of hay has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decrease
Term
what the value/A of peanut has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
decrease
Term
what the value/A of soybean has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the value/A of tobacco has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what the value/A of wheat has done from 2000 to 2015
Definition
increase
Term
what tillage does to weeds
Definition
tillage inverts soil so we can bury weed seeds
Term
what tilling does to the porosity of soil
Definition
decreases the pore space; too much micropores
Term
what type of tillage leaves more organic matter on the surface
Definition
no till --> it is better for the environment
Term
what upland cotton is used for
Definition
jeans and such
Term
what vascular bundles do for the Rhizobium
Definition
Vascular bundles carry water and photosynthate to the nodules to supply energy for the Rhizobium.
Term
what we do when a function within the community is undesirable
Definition
we try to eliminate it with management or pesticides
Term
what we have to do for peanuts to germinate
Definition
we have to treat them with something to stimulate germination
Term
what winter annuals require to go from vegetative to reproductive
Definition
cold spells
Term
what you must do to guarantee that legumes form associations with Rhizobium
Definition
must add Rhizobium to seed
Term
what's number 10?
[image]
Definition
peroxisome
Term
what's number 11?
[image]
Definition
mitochondrion
Term
what's number 12?
[image]
Definition
cell wall
Term
what's number 13?
[image]
Definition
pectin-rich middle lamella
Term
what's number 14?
[image]
Definition
cellulose/hemicellulose cell wall
Term
what's number 15?
[image]
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
what's number 16?
[image]
Definition
Golgi body
Term
what's number 1?
[image]
Definition
nuclear membrane
Term
what's number 2?
[image]
Definition
nucleus
Term
what's number 3?
[image]
Definition
nucleolous
Term
what's number 4?
[image]
Definition
rough ER
Term
what's number 5?
[image]
Definition
chloroplast
Term
what's number 6?
[image]
Definition
vaculoe
Term
what's number 7?
[image]
Definition
smooth ER
Term
what's number 8?
[image]
Definition
middle lamella
Term
what's number 9?
[image]
Definition
air space
Term
when crop residue is bad for crops
Definition
if you don't do crop rotation
Term
when crop residue is good for crops
Definition
if you do crop rotation
Term
when embryo kicks in
Definition
when it gets water
Term
when germination is completed
Definition
when plant can manufacture enough food for itself
Term
when guard cells open
Definition
when p'synth occurs
Term
when plant aborts flowers
Definition
when there's stresses
Term
when plow is used
Definition
when breaking "new ground"
Term
when seeds are most susceptible to damage
Definition
right after they germinate
Term
when winter annuals are planted
Definition
fall
Term
where are smaller seeds planted
Definition
1.5-2" such as grains
Term
where bed planting is useful
Definition
wetter areas
Term
where chronic soil compaction mainly occurs
Definition
areas with lotta macropores
Term
where cotton is a perennial
Definition
tropics
Term
where does the dissolved food go in a seed?
Definition
vascular system
Term
where flat land planting is used
Definition
used where soil types don't cause erosion
Term
where furrow planting is useful
Definition
dryer areas
Term
where lister planting is used
Definition
usually where rainfall may be limiting
Term
where nectaries are in the flower
Definition
the bottom of the filament
Term
where perfumes come from
Definition
nectaries in the flower at the bottom of the filament
Term
where soil compaction is a problem and why
Definition
many sandy soils because fine particles migrate to the substrata of the soil once disturbed
Term
where soil compaction is a problem in Georgia
Definition
a significant part of the region that is row-cropped
Term
where the gibberillic acid goes in the seed
Definition
endosperms and cotyledons
Term
where the origin of cotton is and why
Definition
Africa and S. America because of those 2 continents one time being connected
Term
where the palisade cells are in cool season plants
Definition
below the epidermis
Term
where tomato is a perennial
Definition
tropics
Term
where you find all necessary information for the seed
Definition
on the seed bag
Term
which layer of the dicot leaf is number 2?
[image]
Definition
mesophyll
Term
which layer of the diicot leaf is number 1?
[image]
Definition
upper epidermis
Term
which layer of the diicot leaf is number 3?
[image]
Definition
palisade
Term
which layer of the diicot leaf is number 4?
[image]
Definition
spongy
Term
which layer of the diicot leaf is number 5?
[image]
Definition
lower epidermis
Term
which layer of the diicot leaf is number 6?
[image]
Definition
stoma
Term
which layer of the diicot leaf is number 7?
[image]
Definition
guard cells
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 1?
[image]
Definition
stamen
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 2?
[image]
Definition
anther
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 3?
[image]
Definition
filament
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 4?
[image]
Definition
petal
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 5?
[image]
Definition
sepal
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 6?
[image]
Definition
pistil
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 7?
[image]
Definition
stigma
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 8?
[image]
Definition
style
Term
which part of the dicot flower is number 9?
[image]
Definition
ovary
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 10?
[image]
Definition
phloem
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 11?
[image]
Definition
cambium
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 12?
[image]
Definition
xylem
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 13?
[image]
Definition
pith
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 14?
[image]
Definition
zone of elongation
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 15?
[image]
Definition
zone of differentiation
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 1?
[image]
Definition
apical meristem
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 1?
[image]
Definition
apical meristem
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 2?
[image]
Definition
leaf primordia
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 2?
[image]
Definition
meristematic zone
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 3?
[image]
Definition
procambium
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 3?
[image]
Definition
leaf primordium
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 4?
[image]
Definition
zone of elongation
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 4?
[image]
Definition
axillary bud
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 5?
[image]
Definition
axillary bud
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 5?
[image]
Definition
procambium
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 6?
[image]
Definition
zone of differentiation
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 6?
[image]
Definition
protoderm
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 7?
[image]
Definition
cambium
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 7?
[image]
Definition
ground meristem
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 8?
[image]
Definition
epidermis
Term
which part of the dicot meristem is number 9?
[image]
Definition
cortex
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 1?
[image]
Definition
testa
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 2?
[image]
Definition
waxy cuticle
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 3?
[image]
Definition
sub-cuticle (suberin)
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 4?
[image]
Definition
macrosclerids (lignified, contain tannins)
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 5?
[image]
Definition
osteosclerids
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 6?
[image]
Definition
nutrient layer
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 7?
[image]
Definition
endosperm
Term
which part of the dicot seed coat is number 8?
[image]
Definition
aleurone cells
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 10?
[image]
Definition
root meristem
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 11?
[image]
Definition
epicotyl
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 12?
[image]
Definition
hypocotyl
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 1?
[image]
Definition
seed coat
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 2?
[image]
Definition
micropyle
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 3?
[image]
Definition
hilum
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 4?
[image]
Definition
raphe
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 5?
[image]
Definition
cotyledons
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 6?
[image]
Definition
unifoliate leaves
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 7?
[image]
Definition
embryonic axis
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 8?
[image]
Definition
apical meristem
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 9?
[image]
Definition
radicle
Term
which part of the mature cotton stem is number 1?
[image]
Definition
epidermis
Term
which part of the mature cotton stem is number 2?
[image]
Definition
cortex
Term
which part of the mature cotton stem is number 3?
[image]
Definition
phloem
Term
which part of the mature cotton stem is number 4?
[image]
Definition
cambium
Term
which part of the mature cotton stem is number 5?
[image]
Definition
xylem
Term
which part of the mature cotton stem is number 6?
[image]
Definition
pith
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 1?
[image]
Definition
pericarp & seed coat
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 2?
[image]
Definition
endosperm
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 3?
[image]
Definition
embryo
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 4?
[image]
Definition
scutellum (cotyledon)
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 5?
[image]
Definition
embryonic axis
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 6?
[image]
Definition
coleoptile
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 7?
[image]
Definition
apical meristem
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 8?
[image]
Definition
radicle
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 9?
[image]
Definition
coleorhiza
Term
which part of the root meristem is number 1?
[image]
Definition
region of maturation
Term
which part of the root meristem is number 2?
[image]
Definition
region of elongation
Term
which part of the root meristem is number 3?
[image]
Definition
meristematic region
Term
which part of the root meristem is number 4?
[image]
Definition
root cap
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 10?
[image]
Definition
pith
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 1?
[image]
Definition
apical bud
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 2?
[image]
Definition
leaf scar
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 3?
[image]
Definition
axillar bud
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 4?
[image]
Definition
node
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 5?
[image]
Definition
lenticel
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 6?
[image]
Definition
internode
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 7?
[image]
Definition
bud scale
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 8?
[image]
Definition
vascular bundle trace
Term
which part of the stem with parts is number 9?
[image]
Definition
terminal bud scale scar ring
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 10?
[image]
Definition
pith ray
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 1?
[image]
Definition
epidermis
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 2?
[image]
Definition
cortex
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 3?
[image]
Definition
colenchyma
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 4?
[image]
Definition
chlorenchyma
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 5?
[image]
Definition
phloem fibers
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 6?
[image]
Definition
phloem
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 7?
[image]
Definition
cambium
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 8?
[image]
Definition
xylem
Term
which part of the young cotton stem is number 9?
[image]
Definition
pith
Term
which tillage has a lower cost to prepare seed bed and plant? conventional or no-till?
Definition
no-till
Term
which tillage is less disruptive to the soil? primary or secondary?
Definition
secondary
Term
why Darwin swore off religion
Definition
because he thought there were too many close minded people
Term
why cells involved in respiration tend to have lots of mitochondria
Definition
because there’s demand for energy
Term
why cotton doesn’t act like a perennial in Georgia
Definition
because the winter will kill it
Term
why cropping systems are unstable and require inputs (energy) to optimize the ecosystem to maximize productivity
Definition
perpetual primary succession
Term
why different plant species must have different centers of origin
Definition
because different environmental forces were exerted on different continents and within different continents
Term
why drainage tiles are sometimes used
Definition
because standing water is bad for crop production because it creates anoxic conditions
Term
why fewer inputs are needed for cropping of crops that don't have to be replanted every year
Definition
because those crops are in secondary succession
Term
why fields are surveyed during the year
Definition
to verify genetic purity of seed crop
Term
why forages in the Legumineae family tend to have a high protein content
Definition
because they fix their own nitrogen
Term
why grass flowers are incomplete
Definition
no petals, thus no corolla
Term
why guard cells close during drought
Definition
lack of water, which means decreased transpiration
Term
why label laws require labels to tell you the variety
Definition
because each variety has different characteristics
Term
why leaf area is of paramount importance for seed germination
Definition
because germination is considered complete when the plant can manufacture enough food for itself
Term
why plant deeper in dry conditions?
Definition
because of moisture deeper in the soil
Term
why plants were selected for maturity
Definition
one harvest
Term
why seed size is important
Definition
guarantees uniform stand under good growing condition
Term
why tall fescue is a better forage grass than bermudagrass when fescue toxicosis isn't a factor
Definition
because tall fescue has more spaces between the sheaths and therefore more mesophyll
Term
why the signs of seed quality lead to vigorous seedling growth
Definition
because of max energy availability
Term
why the value of the tobacco crop continues to increase
Definition
because there’s very high demand for American tobacco
Term
why there's concern about wild forms for future use
Definition
What are we throwing away when we breed improved crops? Increased land use is reducing genetic diversity.
Term
why twin row planting for peanuts is better for tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV)
Definition
because for some reason, thrips don’t like twin rows
Term
why uniformity in height is desireable for crops
Definition
ease of harvesting
Term
why upland cotton is defoliated before harvest
Definition
because green leaves stain cotton
Term
why was a risk index developed
Definition
to determine the probability of this disease based upon practices used at planting
Term
why water and phospholipids interact the way they do
Definition
polar part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and nonpolar part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic; this is why there's a non-polar segment in the middle of the membrane
Term
why we don't use sunflower as much anymore
Definition
because the birds really love sunflower
Term
why weed resistance is building up
Definition
because of gene tech
Term
why you can expect litigation if you use drainage tiles
Definition
because putting drainage tiles in is basically busting a swamp
Term
why you gotta be careful with cheap seed
Definition
because cheap seed is usually bad quality seed, such as impurity of seed
Term
why you must treat seeds with fungicides
Definition
to keep fungi from consuming stored energy in seed
Term
xerophytes
Definition
plants that like dry conditions
Term
xerophytic
Definition
survives desert conditions
Term
xylem development in herbaceous plants
Definition
primary xylem is formed by differentiation of root and shoot apical meristems
Term
xylem development in perennial woody plants
Definition
secondary xylem develops from cambium
Term
you want your risk score to be high or low?
Definition
low
Term
[image]
Definition
leaves of tomato infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Term
[image]
Definition
sieve tube element and companion cell
Term
[image]
Definition
meristem grass
Term
[image]
Definition
disk harrow
Term
[image]
Definition
tracheid
Term
[image]
Definition
fiber
Term
[image]
Definition
bulb
Term
[image]
Definition
grain drill used in conventional tillage
Term
[image]
Definition
dicot meristem
Term
[image]
Definition
spines
Term
[image]
Definition
root meristem
Term
[image]
Definition
epigeal germination
Term
[image]
Definition
rhizomes
Term
[image]
Definition
stolons
Term
[image]
Definition
ray cell in phloem
Term
[image]
Definition
close up of a dicot meristem
Term
[image]
Definition
cultipacking
Term
[image]
Definition
mitochondria
Term
[image]
Definition
parenchyma cell in phloem
Term
[image]
Definition
leaf hairs
Term
[image]
Definition
ray cell in xylem
Term
[image]
Definition
parenchyma cell in xylem
Term
[image]
Definition
moldboard plowing
Term
[image]
Definition
grain drill used in no till
Term
[image]
Definition
layers of a dicot leaf
Term
[image]
Definition
Brillion seeder
Term
[image]
Definition
chloroplast
Term
[image]
Definition
cross section of a monocot leaf
Term
[image]
Definition
vessel element
Term
[image]
Definition
thorns
Term
[image]
Definition
the layers of a dicot seed coat
Term
[image]
Definition
bedding
Term
[image]
Definition
planting
Term
[image]
Definition
hypogeal germination
Term
[image]
Definition
corm
Term
[image]
Definition
tuber
Term
[image]
Definition
broadcast seeding
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