Term
| Do sympathetic nerves have longer pre or post ganglionic neurons? Parasympathetic? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic has short preganglionic and short post-ganglionic, while parasympathetic has long pre and short post |
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Term
| Where is the ganglion for the adrenal medulla neurons? |
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Definition
| There is no ganglion; the 1st neuron feeds directly to the adrenal medulla |
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Term
| Norepi is the transmitter for all post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves except for one exception; what is the exception and what is the transmitter? |
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Definition
| Sweat glands respond to Ach instead of NE |
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Term
| Where are the nicotinic receptors in the body located? |
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Definition
| In the autonomic ganglia, cells of the adrenal medulla, and at the motor end plate |
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Term
| What specific type of receptor is located at the sweat glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve fibers adjust skeletal muscle force and length? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve fibers are responsible for proprioception? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fibers are responsible for throbbing pain/temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fibers are responsible for pre-ganglionic symp/parasymp? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which fibers are responsible for sharp pain and temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons are what type of fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ganglia make up the stellate ganglion? |
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Definition
| Inferior cervical and first thoracic |
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Term
| Block of the stellate ganglion gives rise to what symptoms? What is this group of symptoms called? |
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Definition
| Horner's sydrome: ptosis, anhydrosis, myosis, flushing, nasal congestion |
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Term
| Which levels does sympathetic outflow arise from in adults? Kids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the earliest sign of a high spinal in a neonate? |
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Definition
| Desaturation; due to an immature ANS they won't show signs of bradycardia |
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Term
| Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from? (where in the cord) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| All sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers pass through this en route to the paravertebral ganglion |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Upon reaching the paravertebral ganglion, preganglionic sympathetic fibers have 3 possible paths; what are they? |
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Definition
| 1. Synapse in the paravertebral ganglia, go through the gray rami to the spinal nerve on the way to skin arterioles and sweat glands 2. Ascend or descend in the paravertebral ganglion before synapsing 3. Pass through the paravertebral ganglion without synapsing (they synapse later in a peripheral ganglion) |
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Term
| What does the gray rami allow? |
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Definition
| Coordinated, mass discharge of the SNS |
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Term
| What does stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha-2 receptors by NE do? |
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Definition
| Decreases NE release (negative feedback) |
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Term
| Whats responsible for most of the termination of NE effect? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does NE break down to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the sequence for synthesis of Ne |
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Definition
| Tyrosine-->L-dopa-->dopamine-->NE-->epi (only in adrenal medulla) |
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Term
| What is the ratio of the epi/norepi adrenal pool? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What enzyme breaks down NE in the synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What enzyme breaks down NE in the bloodstream? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does beta-2 receptor stimulation do to glucose levels and how? |
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Definition
| Increases glucose levels by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| What hormone is responsible for 85% of resting blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is renin released from? |
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Definition
| Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole |
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Term
| What are the two most important stimuli for aldosterone release? |
|
Definition
| High K and Angiotensin II |
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Term
| What triggers renin release? |
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Definition
| Decreased renal blood pressure, SNS activity, and Cl- |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks alpha-1 only to lower BP (if it blocked alpha-2, it would cause more NE release) |
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|
Term
| Which cranial nerves carry PNS impulses? |
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Definition
| 3, 7, 9, 10 (oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus) |
|
|
Term
| Which sacral nerves carry PNS impulses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which PNS cranial nerves arise in the midbrain? Pons? Medulla? |
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Definition
Midbrain--oculomotor
Pons--facial
Medulla--GP and vagus |
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Term
| What kinda of drug is pilocarpine and what is it used for? |
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Definition
| Its a parasympathomimetic used to treat glaucoma |
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Term
| Which anti-cholinesterase also has pre-synaptic actions? |
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Definition
| Edrophonium also causes pre-synaptic Ach release, augmenting its post-synaptic effects |
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Term
| Which anti-cholinesterases also inhibit plasma cholinesterase? |
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Definition
| Neostigmine, echothiopate, and pyridostigmine (edrophonium does not) |
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Term
| Which anti-cholinesteras crosses the BBB and why? |
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Definition
| Physostimgine---its a non-ionized, tertiary ammonium compound |
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Term
| How do PDE inhibitors cause bronchodilation? |
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Definition
| PDE breaks down cAMP and cGMP; by preventing the breakdown, more cAMP/cGMP is available to stimulate bronchodilation |
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Term
| Which drugs are PDE5 inhibitors? Which second messenger is preserved? |
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Definition
| PDE 5 inhibitors include viagra; cGMP is preserved |
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Term
| Which drugs are PDE3 inhibitors? Which 2nd messenger is preserved? |
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Definition
| Milrinone/amrinone are PDE3 inhibitors; cAMP is preserved |
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Term
| What do xanthines do and what are some examples? |
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Definition
| They non-selectively inhibit PDE, leading to bronchodilation (theophylline, aminophylline) |
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Term
| What is a mast cell inhibitor's use and what is an example? |
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Definition
| They prevent bronchoconstriction (prophylactically) by preventing the release of histamine from mast cells--Ex: cromolyn sodium |
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