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Definition
| the ability of society and its institution to control, manage, restrain, or direct human behavior |
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| the branch of state government invested with power to make and repeal laws |
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| a state or federal correctional facility that houses convicted criminals who have been sentenced to a period of confinement that is typically more than one year |
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| a county correctional facility that holds people pending trial, awaiting sentencing, serving a sentence that is usually less than a year, or waiting transfer to other facilities after conviction |
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| court-ordered community supervision of convicted offenders by a probation agency. probationers are required to obey specific rules of conduct while in the community |
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| the various sequential stages through which offenders pass from initial contact with the law to final disposition and the agencies charged with enforcing the law at each of these steps |
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Definition
| vigilante groups that enforced discipline on slaves and apprehended runaway slaves seeking freedom |
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| Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) |
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Definition
| Federal agency that granted hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to local and state justice agencies between 1968 - 1982 |
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Definition
| community supervision after a period of incarceration |
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| taking a person into legal custody for the purpose of restraining the accused until he or she can be held accountable for the offense at court proceeding |
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| written court order authorizing and directing that an individual be taken into custody to answer criminal charges |
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| a police officer cannot arrest someone for a misdemeanor unless the officer sees the crime occur. To make an arrest for a crime he did not witness, the officer must obtain a warrant |
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Definition
| if a person is taken into custody for a misdemeanor, a hearing is held to determine if probably case exists that he committed the crime |
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| the decision by the prosecutor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of, for example, insufficient evidence, witness reluctance to testify, police error, or office policy |
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| all parties in the adversary process working together in a cooperative effort to settle cases with the least amount of effort and conflict |
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| "wedding cake" model of justice |
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Definition
| a view of the justice system that divides the criminal process into four layers based on the seriousness and notoriety of the crime, the top layer gets full interest of the law whereas the bottom layer receives only superficial attention |
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| crime control perspective |
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Definition
| a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime. |
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Definition
| the practice of police targeting members of particular racial or ethnic groups for traffic and other stops because they believe that members of that group are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity even though the individual being stopped has not engaged in any inappropriate behavior |
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Definition
| according to the case of miranda v arizona the right of a suspect to refuse to answer questions after an arrest and to have an attorney provided to protect civil rights and liberties |
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Definition
| the legal doctrine that any evidence illegally seized by police cannot be used against a suspect in a court of law |
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| rehabilitation perspective |
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Definition
| a model of criminal justice that sees a crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyle through conventional endeavors |
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Definition
| a model of criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings |
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| nonintervention perspective |
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Definition
| a model of criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration , diversion, and decriminalization |
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Definition
| reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it |
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| a crime typically involving behavior considered immoral or in violation of public decency that has no specific victim, such as public drunkenness, vagrancy, or public nudity |
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| the movement to remove as many offenders as possible from secure confinement and treat them in the community |
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Definition
| informal, community-based treatment programs that are used in lieu of the formal criminal process |
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| enmeshing more offenders for longer periods in the criminal justice system- a criticism of pretrial diversion programs |
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| the view that the purpose of justice is to restore offenders back into society through reconciliation rather than punishment |
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Definition
| premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups of clandestine agents |
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| illegal behavior that targets the security of computer systems and/or the data accessed and processed by computer networks |
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| internet attacks against a enemy nation's technological infrastructure |
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| arabic for "the base" - an international fundamentalist islamist organization compromising independent and collaborative cells whose goal is reducing Western influence upon islamic affairs |
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Term
| Director of national intelligence (DNI) |
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Definition
| government official charged with coordinating data from the nation's primary intelligence gathering agencies |
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| Department of Homeland Security (DHS) |
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Definition
| federal agency responsible for preventing terrorist attacks within the united states, reducing the nations vulnerability to terrorism and minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do occur |
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Definition
| the process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in order to develop a global economy |
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Definition
| extorting money from an internet service by threatening to prevent the user from having accesc to the service |
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Definition
| the efforts of organized groups to download and sell copy-righted software in violation of its license |
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Definition
| illegally buying or selling merchandise on the internet |
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Definition
| using the internet to steal someone's identity and/or impersonate the victim in order to conduct illicit transactions such as committing fraud using the victim's name and identity |
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Term
| phishing (also known as carding and spoofing) |
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Definition
| illegally acquiring personal information, such as bank passwords and credit card numbers, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business in what appears to be an official electronic communication, such as an email or instant message. the term phishing comes from the lures used to "fish" for financial information or passwords |
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Definition
| criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group targeted because of their racial, ethnic, religious or gender characteristics |
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Definition
| behaviors considered illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards. obscenity and prostitution are considered public order crimes |
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Definition
| white-collar crimes involved the violation of rules that control business enterprise. they can include employee pilferage, bribery, commodities law violations, mail fraud, embezzlement, internet scams, extortion, forgery |
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Definition
| crimes committed by a corporation or by individuals who control the corporation or other business entity for such purposes as illegally increasing market share, avoiding taxes, or thwarting competition |
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Term
| Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
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Definition
| the official crime date collected by the FBI from local police departments |
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Term
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Definition
| those crimes in the FBI's Uniform Crime Report that are considered the most prevalent and serious. The offenses included are the violent crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and the property of crimes of burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft and arson |
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Definition
| all other crimes reported to the FBI. these are less serious crimes and misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations |
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Term
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Definition
| an offense is cleared by arrest or solved when at least one person is arrested or charged with the commission of the offense and is turned over to the court for prosecution. if the following questions can all be answered "yes" the offense can then be cleared "exceptionally" |
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| National Incident-based reporting system (NIBRS) |
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Definition
| a new form of crime data collection created by the FBI requiring local police agencies to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender information |
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| National crime victimization survey |
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Definition
| the nations primary source of information on criminal victimization. each year, data are obtained from a national sample that measures the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization by such crimes as rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft |
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Term
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Definition
| a research approach that questions large groups of subjects, typically high school students, about their own participation in the delinquent or criminal acts |
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Definition
| criminal acts intended to improve the financial or social position of the criminal |
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Definition
| criminal acts that serve to vent rage or frustration |
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Definition
| the view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men |
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Definition
| the idea that female defendants are treated more leniently in sentencing (and are less likely to be arrest and prosecuted in the first place) because the criminal justice system is dominated by men who have a paternalistic or protective attitude toward women |
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Definition
| an ideology holding that women suffer oppression, discrimination, and disadvantage as a result of their sex and calling for gender equality in pay, opportunity, child care and education |
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Definition
| the view that young minority males are subject to greater police control - e.g., formal arrest- when their numbers increase within the population |
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| persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality |
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Definition
| as defined by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and thorsten sellin, - delinquents who are arrested 5 or more times before the age of 18 and who commit a disproportionate amount of all criminal offenses |
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Definition
| sentencing codes which require that an offender receive a life sentence after conviction for a third felony. some state allow parole after a lengthy prison stay - for example, 25 years |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior |
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Definition
| preventing crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions |
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Definition
| a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties |
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Definition
| punishment severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity |
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Definition
| chemical substances that carry impulses from one nerve cell to another. neurotransmitters are found in the space (synapse) that separates the transmitting neuron's terminal (axon) from neuron's terminal (dendrite) |
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Definition
| the view that human behavior is learned through observation of human social interactions, either directly from those in close proximity or indirectly from the media |
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Definition
| unrestricted behavior resulting from a loss of inhibition produced by an external influence, such as drugs or alcohol, or from a brain injury |
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| a person whose personality is characterized by a lack of warmth and feeling, inappropriate behavioral responses, and an inability to learn from experience- also called a sociopath or an antisocial personality |
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| the absence or weakness of rules, norms, or guidelines on what is socially or morally acceptable |
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Definition
| the stratification, classes, institutions, and groups that characterize a society |
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Definition
| the view that people in the lower class of society form a separate culture with its own values and norms that are in conflict with those of conventional society |
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| a condition of mutual trust and cooperation that develops in neighborhoods that have a high level of formal and informal social control |
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Definition
| central values and goals that, according to walter miller, differ by social class |
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Definition
| the emotional turmoil and conflict caused when people believe that they cannot achieve their desires and goals through legitimate means |
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Definition
| parenting that is supportive, effective and noncoercive |
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| differential association theory |
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Definition
| the view that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to antisocial attitudes and values |
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Definition
| the view that most people do not violate the law because of their social bonds to family, peer group, school, and other institutions. if these bonds are weakened or absent, they become free to commit crime |
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| social reaction (labeling) theory |
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Definition
| the view that society produces criminals by stigmatizing certain individuals as deviants, a label that they come to accept as a personal identity |
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Definition
| the view that crime results from the imposition by the rich and powerful of their own moral standards and economic interests on the rest of society |
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Definition
| the view that crime results from the imposition by the rich and powerful of their own moral standards and economic interests on the rest of society |
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Definition
| a branch of conflict theory that accepts the reality of crime as a social problem and stresses its impact on the poor |
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Definition
| a branch of conflict theory that focuses on the role of capitalist male dominance in female criminality and victimization |
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Definition
| a branch of conflict theory that stresses humanism, meditation, and conflict resolution was means to end crime |
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Definition
| a view of crime holding that as people travel through the life course, their experiences along the way influence behavior patterns. Behavior changes at each stage of the human experience. |
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Definition
| a view that human behavior is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after, that influences and directs behavior |
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Definition
| the course of social developmental changes through which an individual passes as he or she travels from birth through childhood, adulthood, and finally old age |
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Definition
| positive relations with individuals and institutions that foster self-worth and inhibit crime |
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Definition
| the role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior |
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| routine activities theory |
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Definition
| the view that crime is a product of three everyday factors: motivated offenders, suitable targets and a lack of capable guardians |
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Definition
| the body of rules that defines crimes, sets out of their punishments, and mandates the procedures for carrying out the criminal justice process |
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Definition
| a body of specific rules that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct |
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Definition
| the rules and laws that define the operation of the criminal proceedings. procedural law describes the methods that must be followed in obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders, reviewing cases by appellate courts |
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| all law that is not criminal, including tort, contract, personal property, maritime and commercial law |
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| to stand by decided cases - the legal principle by which the decision or holding in an earlier case becomes the standard by which subsequent similar cases are judged |
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| in common law, offenses that are from their own nature evil, immoral, and wrong. mala in se offenses include murder, theft and arson |
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| laws that retroactively punish people |
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| an illegal act, or failure to act, when legally required |
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| a guilty mind, the intent to commit a criminal act |
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| liability that can occur when a person's careless and inattentive actions cause harm |
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| public safety or strict liability crime |
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Definition
| a criminal violation - usually one that endanger the public welfare - that is defined by the act itself, irrespective of intent |
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Definition
| a defense in which a person states that his or her mental state was so impaired that he or she lacked the capacity to form sufficient intent to be held criminally responsible |
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| a defense for a criminal act claiming that the criminal act was reasonable or necessary under the circumstances |
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| reducing the seriousness of and subsequent penalties for a criminal offense |
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| criminal acts defined by a high level of noncompliance with the stated legal standard an absence of stigma associated with violation of the stated standard and a low level of law enforcement or public sanction |
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Definition
| the willful, malicious and repeated following, harassing or contacting of another person. it becomes a criminal act when it causes the victim to feel fear for his or her safety or the safety of others |
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| helping people take their own lives: assisted suicide |
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