Term
| Emotional Meaning (Valve Claim) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Verbal debates - ambiguous and vague
2. Factual disputes |
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Term
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Word or group of words; possibly subject of statement
1) Proper name
2) Common name
3) Descriptive Phrases |
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| Denote; Actual members of class |
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Connote; Attributes of subject
ex) Friend - loyal, common interest, support |
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| Word or group that is being defined |
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-Define word or expression
-Does actual defining |
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Assigns meaning to word for 1st time
ex) iPod |
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Dictionary Definition
-Intended to report way word is used in language |
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Term
| Lexical Definitions - Criteria |
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Definition
1. Standard grammar
2. Give essential meaning
3. Neither too broad or too narrow
4. Not circular
5. Shouldn't be negative
6. NOT figurative, obscure, vague, ambiguous
7. Avoid affective terminology (words that evoke emotion in reader) ex. sarcasm
8. Indicate Context |
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Sets standard, reduces vagueness of word
ex) blindness |
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| Suggests theory that gives characterization to word |
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| Tries to change readers opinion about subject through wording |
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| Synonymous Definitions (Connotative) |
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| Having implication similar to that of another word |
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| Etymological Definition (Connotative) |
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| Uses origin and history of words to define word |
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Term
| Operational (Connotative) |
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| Specifies certain experimental procedures that determines if word applies |
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| Demonstrative (Ostensive) Definition (Denotative) |
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| Illustrative, pointing at an object to define |
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Term
| Enumerative Definition (Denotative) |
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| Names members of class that term denotes |
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| Names subclasses of class denoted by term |
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| Definition of genus and difference |
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| Identifies genus (main) term and a difference word(s) that, when combined, give meaning of term |
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| Defect in argument that consists of something more than just false premises |
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| In deductive arguments; found by looking at form or structure of argument |
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| Found only by looking at content of argument |
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-8 Types
- Have premises that are logically irrelevant to conclusion
- May appear psychologically relevant |
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Definition
| Arguer offers conclusion to a person and threatens them to accept |
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| Arguer attempts to support a conclusion by evoking pity from reader with irrelevant facts |
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| Uses desires, such as love, admiration, and value, to get reader to accept conclusion |
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| Appeal to People - Direct |
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| When talking to large group of people. excites emotions in crowd to get them to accept conclusion |
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| Appeal to people - Indirect |
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Definition
-Aims appeal at individual and their relationship with group as a whole
-3 types |
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- Bandwagon: left behind if don't use
- Appeal to Vanity: use admired person to relate
- Appeal to Snobbery: "Exclusive" |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd person in argument directly attacks the other person HIMSELF |
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| General rule is applied to a specific case it was not meant to cover |
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| Arguer distorts opponents argument to make it easier to attack, ends distorted argument, and concludes that argument is over |
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Definition
| Premises support one conclusion, then a different (often irrelevant) conclusion is drawn |
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| Arguer diverts attention of reader by changing subject to something vaguely related |
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| Fallacies of Weak Induction |
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Definition
-6 Types
-Connection between premises and conclusion is not strong enough to support itself |
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| Appeal to Unqualified Authority |
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| Argument from authority where witness lacks authority |
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| Argument states that nothing has been proven, conclusion makes definite claim |
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| Sample size is not large enough or random enough to get accurate conclusion |
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| Link between premises and conclusion depend on an imagined connection that doesn't exist |
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| Conclusion rests on a chain reaction that doesn't seem likely to occur |
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| Analogy is not strong enough to support drawn conclusion |
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