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| systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards |
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| Appeal to popularity/masses |
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| everyone thinks it is true, so it must be true |
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| these people in power think it is true, so it must be true |
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| people have always believed it is true, so it must be true |
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| ignoring new/present information based on previous knowledge or initial estimates |
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| aka a false positive, believing something is true when it is not |
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| aka a false negative, not believing something is true when it is |
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| drawing conclusions based on how quickly information comes to us |
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| certain words/phrases/descriptions can change how to perceived/remember/analyze a situation |
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| ethics are defined more by location/culture/etc. than by absolutes |
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| are we even here at all? can be too strong (denies reality) but a little is okay |
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| everything is determined, including your opinion. can't change so why bother |
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| everything is fated (god's will) |
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| Only I exist/matter. I am the main actor in the universe, everyone else is an NPC. Genuine lack of belief in others mind/belief. |
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| intolerance/bigotry, arrogance, anger, in-curiousness, impatience, contentment |
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| charity, modesty, justice, empathy, curiosity, pedantry, ruthlessness, reflection |
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| sentence that could be true or false. includes rhetorical questions |
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| Made of premises (statements) that reach a conclusion (also a statement) |
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| An argument that is definitely trying to prove something vs. an argument dealing with probabilities |
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| Hasty generalization, biased sample, sample too small, leading questions |
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| A deductive argument that succeeds in providing decisive logical support. No counter-examples can be given. |
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| True premise, but the conclusion does not logically follow and is false. |
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If P then Q.
Not Q
Therefore not P |
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Definition
If P then Q
If Q then R
Therefore if P then R |
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Either P or Q
Not Q
Therefore P |
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| Non-deductive argument that succeeds in providing probable logical support |
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| Valid argument + true premises |
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| Strong argument + true premises |
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| an argument turned into the worst, most extreme version of that argument is a straw man |
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| When only two choices are presented but more exist |
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| attacking the person rather than the argument |
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| divert an arguer by presenting an irrelevant/out of context topic |
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| If A happens, then Z will happen |
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| Arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its source or origin |
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| All of the parts of object O have property P. Therefore O has property P. |
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| If Object O has property P, then all parts of O have property P |
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| Rejecting an argument because the person advancing it fails to practice what they preach |
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| A key word is used in two or more senses in the same argument |
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| The arguer claims that a claim must be true/false because no one has proven it to be false/true (order specific) |
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| An arguer attempts to evoke feelings of pity/compassion/other logically irrelevant sentiments |
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| An arguer states or assumes as a premise the thing they are trying to prove as a conclusion (circular reasoning) |
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| An argument contains a fallacy, so its conclusion must be false |
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| When the conclusion depends on a comparison of two things that are not similar in relevant aspects |
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| The media chooses what to show to us, possibly biasing our reaction |
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| more about persuasion than truth |
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| methodical approach to studying the natural world |
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| the simplest answer is often the correct one |
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| acceleration differences remain constant |
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| A particular thing fits into category A or B based on how likely it is, irrelevant of the thing's characteristics |
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| people accused of crimes are presumed innocent: accuser must prove them guilty |
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