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| A word or phrase is vague when its meaing is fuzzy or inexact |
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| This is when a word or phrase provides information that is too broad and unspecific |
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Ambiguity is when a word or phrase has multiple meanings, and it’s not clear which meaning is intended.
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Term
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Definition
(a) Semantic ambiguity: when it is not clear what is meant because a word might mean multiple things.
(b) Syntactic ambiguity: this is ambiguity caused by faulty grammar or word order |
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| onein which people actually agree, but it isnt clear thaty they do because of ambiguity |
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| when people agree on the words involved but disagree about facts |
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| when a new word is created or an old word is used in a totally different way than before |
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| when a term is defined in a way that tries to persuade someone to take a particular point of view |
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| a word is defined in the way that it is generally used in the language |
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| one that tres to make a vague word more precise |
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| This is just pointing to something |
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| This is just listing examples of the word you are trying to define |
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| You define a word by listing subclasses of the word |
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| You define a word by discussing the origin of the word |
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| You define the word by giving synonyms |
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| Inductive Generalizations |
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Definition
| Rely on a sample of a population to make claims about the population as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| an inductive argument that has all true premises and provides strong support for its conclusion |
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Term
When trying to evaluate an inductive agrument, what are the three general rules of thumb?
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Definition
1) Are the premises true?
2) Is the sample large enough?
3) Is the sample "representative"?
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Term
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| Argues from premises reagarding a percentage of a population to a conclusion about an individual member of that population or somepart of that population |
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| Strong and weak statistical arguments |
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Definition
Argument is strong when the premises make the conclusion likely to be true
(greater than 50% chance of occuring)
Argument is weak when the premises make the conclusion unlikely to be true
(less than 50% chance of occuring) |
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| A strong inductive argument can be "unreliable" |
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Definition
| A conclusion can be strong at 52% but not necessarily reliable |
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| Group that is being considered in the argument |
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A comparison of things based on similarities that the things share
An agrument from analogy argues that beause two things share certain characteristics, they share a further characteristic |
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| General Form of an argument by analogy |
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Definition
A has a characteristic X
B had a characteristic X
A also has a characteristic Y
Therefore, B also has a characteristic Y |
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Term
| How to evaluate an agrument from analogy |
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Definition
Not an exact science
Make sure the argument is not ignoring any important differences (weak analogy fallacy)
Make sure the premises are true
Make sure the similarities are relevant
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Term
4 problems with the media
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Definition
1) context - Removing pieces of information from their context can distort what is what really happening
2) What really drives the media? - not just the news but need to keep viewer rating high
3) They arrance and organize stories
4) Media may slant the news
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Term
| 9 common advertising ploys |
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Definition
1) Humor
2) Catchy slogans and jingles
3) Anxiety ads
4) Emotive language
5) Weasel words - language that is so watered down that they are meaningless
6) Fine print disclaimers
7) Puffery - over exaggerated claims
8) Sex appeal
9) Celebrity endorsement |
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| Two people who did a lot of important work on human irrationality |
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Definition
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Definition
a tendency to be influenced by irrelevant numbers
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The Dunning-Kruger effect
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Definition
People who are good at something might underestimate how good they are
People who are bad at something overestimate how good they are |
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| Tendency to overestimate the benefits and underestimate the costs - hence foolishly take on risky projects |
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| tendency to see events that have already occured as being more predictable than they were before they took place |
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| tendency to attribute their success to internal factors but they failures to external factors |
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| tendency to continue onward with a bad or failing plan, simply because we they have already put work or resources into enacting the plan |
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| tendency to judge experiences almost entirely on how they were at their peak or how they ended |
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| tendency to stick with the default option |
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| The rhyme as a reason effect |
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Definition
| a bias where a saying or aphorism is judged as more accurate or truthful wen it is rewritten to rhyme |
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| The well traveled road effect |
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Definition
| bias in which travellers will estimate the time taken to traverse routes differently depending on their familiarity with the route |
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Definition
| an unfounded belief that we are somehow way smarter now than the people of the past |
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| the price one is willing to sell something for is often greater than the price that one will buy it for |
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| a bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used |
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tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states
- people think that if disaster strikes it will take longer to recover emotonally than it actually does |
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Term
| Most scientific reasoning follows these four steps |
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Definition
1) Identify the problem
2) Gather relevant data
3) Formulate hypothesis to explain the date
4) Test the hypothesis by observation or experiment |
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Term
| 5 steps to a controlled study |
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Definition
1) Randomly select of group of people from a larger population
2) Divide these people into an "experimental group" and a "control group"
3) Treat the groups the same, except give the experimental group the treatment and give the control group a placebo
4) Make sure the study is double blind
5) Check to see if there is a statistically significant difference between the groups
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Term
| Nonrandomized prospective study |
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Definition
| Take a group that has already been exposed to something to see if they have any ill effects |
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| the view that scenec is the only reliable way of knowing anything. They call "scientism" dogmatic. |
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Term
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Definition
1) It makes claims that are not testable
2) It contradicts well-established scientific truths
3) It explains away or ignores falsifying date
4) It uses vague language
5) It is not progressive
6) It often involves no serious attempt to conduct research |
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| natual language terms that describe a topic |
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| describe the content of itmes such as books, jornal article |
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Term
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Definition
| These are materials which will direct you to other materials that contain the information you are looking for |
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Term
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Definition
| These are materials that contain the information you are looking for |
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