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| a type of argument that may seem correct but proves on examination, not to be so |
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| mistakes in reasoning that arise from mishandling content |
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| involve using deductively invalid logical forms |
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| Those Informal Fallacies committed when premises of an argument are not relevant to its conclusion and therefore cannot establish the truth of that conclusion. (non sequitur) |
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Ad populum
A fallacy of relevance in which the argument relies on emotion rather than reason |
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| Fallacy of Relevance a fallacy in which the argument relies on generosity, or mercy rather than reason |
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| Fallacy of Relevance a fallacy in which the argument relies on threat of force; the threat may be veiled or unveiled |
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| Argument against the person |
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| Fallacy of Relevance a fallacious attack in which the trust is directed, not at a conclusion, but at the person who asserts or defends it. (ad hominem) |
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| ignoratio elenchi Fallacy of relevance is committed when an agrument purporting to establish a particular conclusion is instead directed to proving a different conclusion. |
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| Fallacies of defective induction |
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| arise from the fact that the premises of an argument, although relevant to the conclusion, are so weak and ineffective that reliance upon them is a blunder |
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| is committed when it is argued that a proposition is true simply because it has not been proven false, or true because it hasn't been proven false Fallacy of defective induction |
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| Appeal to Inappropriate Authority |
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arises when appeal is made to parties that have no legitimate claim to expertise in the matter at hand
Fallacy of defective induction |
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| A fallacy in which something that is not really a cause is treated as a cause Fallacy of defective induction |
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| A fallacy in which one moves carelessly from individual cases to generalization. Fallacy of defective induction |
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| fallacies that arise because too much has been assumed in the premises, so that the inference to the conclusion depends on a unstated assumption that is dubious, unwarranted, or false |
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| A fallacy in which a generalization is wrongly applied ot a particular case Fallacies of Presumption |
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| asking a question in such a way as to presuppose the truth of some proposition burried within that question Fallacies of Presumption |
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| A fallacy in which the conclusion is stated or assumed within one of the premises (also known as petitio principii or as a circular argument)Fallacies of Presumption |
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| Fallacies caused by a shift or confusion of meanings within an argument (sophisms) |
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| A fallacy in which two or more meanings of a word are used in different parts of an argument. Fallacies of ambiguity |
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| A fallacy in which a loose or awkward combination of words can be interpreted in more than one way; the argument contains a premise based on one interpretation which the conclusion relies on a different interpretation Fallacies of ambiguity |
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| A fallacy in which a phrase is used to convey two different meanings within and argument, and the difference is based on changes in emphasis given to words within a phrase Fallacies of ambiguity |
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| A fallacy in which an inference is mistakenly drawn from the attributes of the parts of a whole, to the attributes of the whole Fallacies of ambiguity |
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| A fallacy in which a mistaken inference is drawn from the attributes of the whole to the attributes of the parts of a whole |
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| Fallacy of Relevance; attacking a fake, more stupid version of an argument, and presenting it as a refution of the original argument |
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