Term
FBI definition of rape
problems with this definition |
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Definition
carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
does not include males as victims |
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Term
| Theories about rape: Biological |
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Definition
| a. Rape is resultant of excess testosterone or other physical conditions which lead to higher than normal sex drive, more impulsiveness, and less personal control |
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Term
| Theories about rape: Feminist theory |
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Definition
| a. All men have propensity to rape and the act is a learned behavior that is about power, not sex |
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Term
| Theories about rape: Social process theory |
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Definition
| ape is resultant of male socialization. People have become desensitized to rape and violence through the popular culture |
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Term
| Theories about rape: evolutionary theory |
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Definition
| ape is resultant of male socialization. People have become desensitized to rape and violence through the popular culture |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of robbers |
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Definition
1. Impulsive, hedonistic, daring, and dangerous
2. Least educated and consciencious
3. Robbery is a demonstration of maliness in certain urban areas (gang-related hazing) |
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Term
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Definition
i. Most frequently committed violent Part I crime
ii. “unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting sever or aggravated bodily injury”
iii. Each event has the potential to become homicide |
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Term
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Definition
i. Most likely committed by competitively disadvantaged males
ii. Mostly intimate partner violence
iii. Driven by jealousy and real/imagined infidelity |
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Term
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Definition
1. mass murder
2. spree murder
3. serial murder |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Killing of several people in one location over a short period of time (several hours) |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Killing of several people at different locations over a period of several days |
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Term
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Definition
a. Murder of 3+ victims over an extended period of time
b. Includes instrumental serial killers |
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Term
| why did serial murders increase in 1960s? |
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Definition
| i. May be due to the introduction of VICAP (The Violent Criminal Apprehension program), which led to better linking of unsolved crimes. Detailed report of murder. Which cases have weird trends? |
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Term
| 4 typologies of serial killers |
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Definition
Visionary
-Usually psychotic (severe mental illness)
-Can’t differentiate between reality and fiction
Mission-oriented
-Kill certain type of person. Feel that is their duty to rid the world of people they consider undesirable
Hedonistic
-Most common
-Kill for the joy of killing
Power/Control
-Satisfaction from exerting complete power over victims |
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Term
| 2 basic types of serial killers |
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Definition
1. organized
2. disorganized |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Crimes planned and carefully executed; try to minimize evidence; usually more intelligent and socially adept |
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Term
| disorganized serial killer |
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Definition
1. Impulsive and opportunistic crimes; less intelligent and socially awkward.
2. Females and Asian Americans extremely under represented among these serial killers |
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Term
| demographics of serial killers |
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Definition
i. Common myth that serial killers are all white males
ii. 22% of known serial killers are black (1945-2005)
iii. 10.5% of general population over same time period = black
iv. Myth attributed to differential news coverage and entertainment depictions of blacks and whites |
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Term
| diathesis-stress theory of serial killers |
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Definition
-Serial killers have biological disposition to kill that is exacerbated by severe environmental stress during childhood
-Combination leads to development of self-esteem, self-control, and sexual dysfunction problems
-Leads to maladaptive social skills, which moves the person to retreat into a private pornographic fantasy
-As they dwell longer and longer in their fantasy world, they enter a disassociative process in which they can take fantasy to moral limits
-Killer seeks out victims to act out fantasies, but actual kill never lives up to expectations. Process becomes obsessive-compulsive and ritualistic |
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Term
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Definition
: Observed a group of 3 year olds to assess the development of aggressive behavior
1. Gave one of the kids a scooter; see how they behave when there is not a guardian in the room. They fight over the scooter, because they have a lack of impulse control.
2. Being taught to share and take turns strengthen synaptic connections between the emotional control center and the prefrontal cortex. You can learn how to not be aggressive through socialization
3. Alcohol abuse, depression, drugs, aging process, and brain injuries can alter the prefrontal cortex and increase aggressive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Imperative for impulse control; not developed until after the age of 3 |
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Term
| testing for aggression: stroop test |
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Definition
1. Read words that are different colors. Select the color that the word is written in. If reading an emotional word like “hate,” takes longer to select the color.
2. Stroop interference: emotional words relating to anger take longer to select the color. Premise is that aggressive individuals think about the emotionally charged word or can relate to it and that is why it takes longer. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Purpose
a. See if lack of sleep can increase aggression
2. Methods: Sleep deprivation due to caring for two (toy) infants. Given stroop test before and after inducing sleep deprivation.
3. Results: Compare the before and after stroop test results. More aggressive (longer responses) after sleep deprivation |
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Term
| replication of millgram's experiment |
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Definition
i. Sample: 12 members of the public
ii. Methods
1. Participants are told that they are participating in a memory study that used operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) to increase memory for word pairs
2. “learner” receives shocks and “teacher” administers them. 15-450 volts (increasing intensity of shocks with each incorrect answer)
iii. Results
1. 9/12 participants administered the full 450 volts
2. Value of science as something that provides for the greater good influences people to continue the experiment, even though they acknowledge that they are inflicting pain on the “learner” |
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Term
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Definition
i. Abolitionist; wanted to control the depraved impulses of masses by toughening laws on alcohol and drugs. Claimed that drugs led to addiction, violent crime, and insanity.
ii. Uniform Narcotic Act of 1937: special tax stamps were required to sell or possess marijuana; however, no real tax stamps existed. This is the start of the “war on drugs” |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Marijuana research. Found that it did not alter basic personality structure or do anything that was previously claimed by Anslinger. |
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Term
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Definition
i. Claims that marijuana use leads to heroid addiction. Led by Anslinger’s campaign
ii. Drug trafficking ploy by China; communism |
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Term
| a. 1956 Narcotic Control Act |
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Definition
| i. Put marijuana in the same category as heroin which resulted in higher penalties |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Created the DEA to combat marijuana use. Drug control, border control, and violation of reasonable expectation of privacy |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Proposes decriminalization of marijuana. Dies in congress |
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Term
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Definition
| the willful killing of one human being by another |
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Term
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Definition
an unlawful form of homicide
the intentionbal killing of one human being by another without legal justification or excuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a depraved state of mind that shows a willful and intetional disregard for human life |
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Term
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Definition
| a term cj officials use to describe the act of murder |
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Term
| __ of all of women killed by an intimate partner did not realize the danger they were facing in the abusive relationship |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unlawful killing of another with mlice aforethought AND premeditation |
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Term
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Definition
| unlawful killing of a human with malcice aforethought but not with premeditation |
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Term
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Definition
| criminal homicide that occurs withour malice aforethought or premeditation |
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Term
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Definition
1. voluntary/non-negligent
2. involuntary/negligent |
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Term
| voluntary/non-negligent manslaughter |
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Definition
unjustified killing that arises out of an intense conflict that provoked the violence
ex: burglar sneaks into house with intent to steal and accidentally kills someone |
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Term
| involuntary or negligent manslaughter |
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Definition
unlawful killing of another person by a persons own negligent disregard of his or her harmful acts
ex: speeding and hitting someone |
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Term
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Definition
1. chronic offending and subculture violence
2. situational homicide
3. serial killing
4. mass murder |
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Term
| primary/expressive homicide vs instrumental/non-primary |
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Definition
expressive: a killing that usually springs from interpersonal conflict
instrumental: a killing that occurs during the course of another crime or in the pursiot of some other valued goal |
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Term
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Definition
| unwanted, nonconsensual physical ocntact |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to commit, or the commision of, serious bodily harm or injury upon an individual; usually involves some type of weapon or deadly force |
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Term
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Definition
attempt to commit less physical injury
usually does not include the use of a weapon |
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Term
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Definition
| any unwanted contact between two individuals that communicates a threat or places the victim in fear or distress |
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Term
| instrumental vs expressive assault |
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Definition
instrumental: a means toward achieving an end and is usually preceeded bu some degree of planning
expressive: includes an escalation f emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| laws designed to protect the victim by restricting the defense's ability to use irrelevant evidence regarding the victims past sexual behavior or reputation |
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Term
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Definition
| act of taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person by force or threat of force |
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Term
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Definition
| robbery that occurs in a commercial setting |
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Term
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Definition
| a robbery that occurs in a residential setting or on the street |
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Term
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Definition
| crime targeting a specific category of individuals and motivated by a bias against physical or social characteristics unique to this group |
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Term
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Definition
| unlawful taking, carrying, leading or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which a person does not have physical custody or possession but is in a position to exewrvise dominion or control over a thing |
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Term
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Definition
| the theft of an item or merchandise of significant value |
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Term
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Definition
| theft of property of little value |
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Term
| expressive vs instrumental gain |
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Definition
expressive: motivation for larceny, such as stealing for a thrill or to gain peer approval
instrumental: motivation for larceny such as to meet a need or support a lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
| theft of merchandise from a retail store |
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Term
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Definition
| amateur or casusal shoplifters who steal items for their own personal use |
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Term
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Definition
| shoplifters who are professional thieves who make their living by stealing merchandise they can easily resell to pawnshops |
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Term
| check duplication or counterfeiting |
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Definition
| creating bogus financial documents with sophisticated desktop publishing software, or by altering a real check using solvents to remove or change information |
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Term
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Definition
| falsely altering a document, usually a check, and presenting it for cash or payument using false ID |
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Term
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Definition
unique form of larceny that violates the trust of an employer
property stolen is in the rightful possession of the perpetrator |
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Term
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Definition
| form of larceny in which the perpetrator uses lies and deception to trick the victim out of money or property |
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Term
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Definition
cons, scams, and swindles
schemes to trick or cheat |
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Term
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Definition
| use of threats or blackmail to obtain money or something of value from someone |
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Term
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Definition
| person who earns a living by purchasing and reselling stolen merchandise to merchants who turn around and market these items to legitimate customers |
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Term
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Definition
| any unlawful entry into a structure for the purpose of committing a theft or felony |
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Term
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Definition
| an unlawful entry into a structure in which the offender does not necessarily possess criminal intent |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which burglars are highly skilled professional thieves or spontaneous, low-level criminal offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| acts considered illegal because they violate the moral standards behind society's values and norms |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for public order crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals from upper class who through their political voice and power are able to generate awareness of an issue and gain support |
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Term
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Definition
| 1914 law designed to regulate and control the manufacture, production, and distribution of cocaine and opiate drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1937 law that placed a $100-an-ounce tax on drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1951 law that placed criminal sanctions on the possession and distribution of mj |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic theft of small amounts of company property over an extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| an occupational crime that consists of the regular cheating of a company or organization, its consumers, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| a crime in which stockbrokers repeatedly and excessively buy and sell stocks owned nby investors for the sole purpose of generating a commision on each trade |
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Term
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Definition
| a common type of claim abuse wherein a legitimate claim is infalted by unnecessary treatments or medical interventions |
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