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| Theological, Supernatural |
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"On Crimes and Punishment" |
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| Ecological/cartographic school of crime |
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| Applied Marxist thought to crime |
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| The earliest theories of crime causation were? |
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| The punishment should be proportional to the crime |
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| The "concept of proportionality" suggets that: |
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| Karl Marx wrote extensively on the topic of crime causation true or false? |
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| "Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent." This type of practice is known as: |
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| According to Beccaria, if punishment is too harsh it could result in more crime. true or false |
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| laws understandable to public, punishment equal to crime |
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| Cecare Beccaria suggested many reforms to the criminal justice system. List 2 of the reforms that he suggested. |
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| To seek pleasure and avoid pain. These people are called |
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| Classical School (Theory) |
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| Emphasizes Ratinality and free will, crime is a cncious choice |
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| Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) Italy |
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| Wrote the book "on crimes and punishment", Believed in equal treatment, due process. Innocent till proven guilty, trial by jury. |
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to turn ppl away by fear of punishment |
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| ratinal, reason, free wil |
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| Certainty, Swiftness, Severity |
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| What are the 3 characteristics of punishment? |
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| INdividual being punished |
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| produces positive result and allows to avoid negative result |
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| Free will can be constrained, explains prior behavior, certain groups of offenders are less capable of free will |
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| Name 3 major modifications to the Neo Classical Theory |
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| Cornisk and Clark. Crime not rational, choice based on cost, benifit and oppurtunity, situational crime control |
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| Routine Activitists Theory |
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| Choen and Felisun. Understood Victimization. |
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| will commit crime of oppurtunity |
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| Absense of capable guardians |
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Official data/ statistical analysis use maps (cartography) |
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| Inter-relationships between human organisms and the physical enviroment |
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| *Pioneer*, founder of Cartographical school of crime. Used maps to descreibe and analize variations in french crime rates, exteneded poverty crime. He also Found that wealthier areas had more property crime compared to rural areas |
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| Examined/compared french/english crime statistics |
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| First Scientific Criminologist. he challenged the classical perspective and found remarkable consistancy in patterns of crime (age, gender, sex) |
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| crimes against persons-warmer enviroment, Crimes against property- colder enviroment |
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*Adolfe Anticipated*, found taht poormat regions of france had low crime rates |
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Charles Darwine, Sigmond Freud, Karl Marx |
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| The forerunners of modern criminological thought were who? |
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He wrote communist manifesto |
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| Shapes all institutions and relationships |
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| Teh root of Social problems is ____ and the inequalities it creates |
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| applied marxit thought to topics of crime. Criminal law exists to protect the propertied class |
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| Pre-Capitalist Societies are ___ and shelfish and greedy societies are ____ |
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| What is caused by unequal access to the necessities of life? |
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| Umbrella, Organizing principles |
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| The use of empirical or scientific investigation for teh impovinist society (August Comte) |
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| Measurement, Objectivity, Causality |
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| 3 basic types of positivism |
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| Scientific method, dscover/diagnose of pathology, treatment |
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| Teh 3 applications to crime are? |
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| Father of Criminology. Wrote "the criminal man" 1876. said criminals were born criminals. Criminals are throwbacks |
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| Criminals are more primative, less evolved |
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| characteristics of crime. (chin, tatoos) |
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| Born, Insane, Occasional, Criminal by passion |
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| 4 types of criminology are? |
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| Criminal sociology 1878. Crime expands to fit the amount of control machinary assigned to it |
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| said taht crime against persons- morally deficient |
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| Crimes against property are |
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| Advocated Social Darwinism |
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| physical climinatic, the unfit kill offspring |
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| "The English Convict" 1913. |
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| Personal resistance, mental disabilities |
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| Goring came up with his own test of the physical characteristics of 2 groups. what are they |
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| Criminals and non criminals are distinct groups and will not over lap |
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| Shorter, Weighs less, gognitive defficiency |
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| "Crime and Man" 1939. Large Scale Study of criminals and non criminals. Criminals are physically inferior |
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| would require the extermination of physically, moraly defficient or complete segregation. |
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| movement to control criminals or degenerates found sterilization. |
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| Body types/personality of crime |
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| Endomorphs, Mesomorphs, Ectomorphs |
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| soft, plump, relaxed, easy going |
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| the governator, hard muscular, aggressive, action thrill seeker, delingquent |
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| thin, fragile, sensitive, worries alot |
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| Deliquents are more likely to be ____ for fewer ectomorphs. |
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| wrote "Teh Jukes" 1877. Proposed that crimes was hereditary. |
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wrote " kalikak family ". proposed that feeblemindedness and criminality wer linked, and were hereditary. |
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| Critique of Early biological Positivism |
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| Suggests geneteic sourse for a socially defined category of behavior. ARe subject to the "dualistic falloory". Weakly operationalize key varriables. Are often bases on small inappropriate sompes. Are compatible with authorization/totaltalitarian thinking |
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Twin studies, Adoption studies |
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to study nature vs nurture researches use ____ and _____ |
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| He thought that adopted children w/ biological motehrs had some kind of criminal behavior te child had higher chances of crime |
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| destruction of portions of the frontal lobes of the brain. 1930 and up |
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| surgiaclly altering brain tissue to alter peronality or behavior. 1930's-1950's |
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| Came in by the 1950's and replaced lobotomies |
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Known for combining psychological and biological propositions regarding crime. Introverts and Extroverts. |
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focus on psychological aspects of crime |
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| study of teh functioning mind, criminal psychology-criminal mind |
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| foucus on early childhood experiences. |
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| he said that Human personality is driven by unconscous forces. Everyone is born naturally antisocial. Propper behavior requires socializatoin and social ization is most important in early life |
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| primative aprt of brain. Pleasure principle |
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| develops early in life. revlity principle |
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| opposite of I.D. ethical principle. |
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| super ego and ego may not be fully developed, super ego may be undeveloped, suepr ego may not include all of the necessary conventional values |
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| What are some reason why crimanal behavior would occur? |
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| discrepency between "wants" and teh ability to achieve them |
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| Insisted on importance of gourps and social organizations in understanding human behavior, specifically, linked crime to border social changes. |
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| As societies shift form ____ to ___ there is turmoil and norms begin to prelude |
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| Anomic, Egotistical, Altruistic, Fatalistic |
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| Four Types of suicide are |
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| Sudden shattering in his or her life |
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| homeless, divorced, life's meaningless to them |
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| totally changed, group experience |
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| individual loses self-identity (prisoner) |
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| Theory of Anomie (strain theory) |
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| two cultural values are ___ and ___ |
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| Our aspirations are out ____ and ___ is accpetable means of achieving our goals. |
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| severe imbalance between cultural means and goals |
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| cultural imbalance, cultural universalism, stratified social structure |
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| Three types of cultural vaules |
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Differential oppurtunity theory (1960) |
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| Two types of communities are |
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| Criminal, conflict, Retreatist |
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| threee kinds of subcultures/gangs |
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| acqired by virtue of family status (lower, middle, upper) |
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| occurs when ppl fail to meet MC success standards |
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| Exaggerated efford to deny that which you want |
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