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Definition
study of lawmaking;
law breaking;
social reaction to law breaking |
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Definition
| why some laws are made/removed(social context);who is using drug(category of users)(sociology of law) |
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Definition
| document different rates of crime across different ethnicity and places; why has crime rate gone down; |
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| negatives/positives about case study |
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Definition
lots of details
but can't generalize |
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| fbi must gather national stats on crime |
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Definition
| unlawful entry with intent to commit larceny |
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Definition
violent:
robbery
rape
homicide
agg assault |
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Definition
arson
larceny
burglary
vehicle theft |
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Definition
larceny
more than all serious crimes combined |
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Term
| how has drunkenness classification and rate changed |
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Definition
| was a higher rate until it became more of a health issue. |
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| how was society changed people's views on crime |
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Definition
| drug abuse used to not be on list as crime |
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| what is a crime that has risen in rate |
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Definition
| fraud due to more opportunities(more public sector jobs/programs to fraud) because of cash economy to credit then to virtual economy like ebay |
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| what grew the most in economy |
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Definition
| public sector ie govt jobs |
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Term
| how to calculate crime rate |
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Definition
| (#crimes/population at risk)*100000 |
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Term
| why use crime rate number |
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Definition
| to compare different cities with different populations |
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Term
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Definition
% of offenses that have been cleared by an arrest
-defined by (#arrests i/#crime i)*100 |
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| clearance rate for murder |
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Definition
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| why clearance rate of violent crime higher |
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Definition
| more man power devoted and more witnesses and there are just more burglaries and the like in general |
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Definition
| only index crimes are calculated and can make burglaries into suspicion or vice versa if an arrest has or has not been made |
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Term
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Definition
#of crimes known to police vs #crimes not known to police
-it isn't random
-varies with seriousness of crime and neighborhood (in poor areas under report) and age(older people report more) |
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Term
| action from crime to recorded |
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Definition
| crime->perception of activity->defined as crime->reported->redefine the crime into certain category->reported |
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Term
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Definition
| several crimes committed then only highest severity gets recorded |
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Term
| problems with reporting methods |
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Definition
don't know if crime is completed or not
police are human with different ideas
admin change reporting styles
crime categories too broad and can't tell severity in one category
are stats measuring criminal behavior or measuring police response |
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Definition
| make crime look lower by ignoring areas of high crime where residents don't want police anyhow |
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Definition
| murder due to lake of discrepancy in act and how to label it |
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Term
| how much and do gender roles effect crime |
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Definition
the type of crime is different for different genders
women do consumer crime like shop lifting |
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Term
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Definition
15-19 in males
most dangerous creature on planet |
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Term
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Definition
national incident based reporting system
-date and time
-agency id
-offense segment:type;attempted/completed;drug use;location;weapon;offender id
-age,race,gender of offender and victim
-victim id
-offense type
-resident of jurisdiction?
-type of injury
-relations btw victim and offender
-victim type either individual, business, govt, society |
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Term
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Definition
amount of households vary
age is 12 and older
-check to see if ucr is on track and why victim didn't report |
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Term
| which crimes can't ncvs cover |
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Definition
| murder and victimless crime like prostitution or drug use or fraud (victims may not know they were victims) |
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Term
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Definition
| the further back in time you ask the more the person wants to stay it happened earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| homeless, people with only cell phones, crimes against businesses |
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Term
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Definition
economic benefit
seriousness
motor vehicle theft(92%)
least likely to report is theft(29%) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| what defines perception of serious crime |
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Definition
how serious the injury
the value of property
perceived vulnerability of person like old people or relationship btw victim and offender(crimes against family is less serious) |
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Term
| crime trends from 60s onward |
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Definition
60s up
down mid 70s
88 up
then great American crime decline 92-2000 which coincided with economic boom. after 2000 slow decline similar to early 60s. |
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Term
| is murder higher now or before |
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Definition
| higher before by 10 times |
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Term
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Definition
-civil rights and anti war movement causes social change and conflict
-more departments engaged with ucr due to ease of submitting stats
-baby boomers |
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Term
| age and crime rate and family |
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Definition
-age to crime rate graph is not as pronounced in non industrial societies due to changes in family
-economic production moves away from urban centers and people go through more transition to get job and the transition is abrupt and no longer helped by peers |
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Term
| 1929 to 1960s why pop boom |
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Definition
great depression then WWII caused depression to stop
so people wanted families and birth rates go up in 60s |
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| what need to be aware of when comparing crime rates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 14 percent of pop accounting for 50 percent of crime |
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Term
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Definition
| noticed change in 13-18 age group. more sophisticated but more violent |
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Term
| how did man child come about |
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Definition
-obsessed with materialism and ability to achieve it was lower than ever
-changes in community level |
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Term
| changes in community for man child |
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Definition
stores abandoned
black muslims are gone
influence is reduced
non violent criminal influence is gone and in place was violent glory
stigma for jail changed |
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Term
| why did change to man child happen |
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Definition
black white relations 3 stages
system of production, political arrangement
economy and distribution of power |
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Term
| plantation economy (man child) |
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Definition
racial caste oppression:
-(pre industrial period) split labor market along racial lines with white having better jobs
-small white elite owner major industries
-race relations-white as father black as son
-more social distance than physical
-blacks follow racial etiquette |
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Term
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Definition
-after civil war-industrial expansion
-creates new jobs at all levels and black/white competition
-whites still won better jobs due to political power
-jim crow laws progressed racial inequality to class inequality
-60s lift barriers and public sector expands
-then blacks move to suburbs leaving lower class with no role models |
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Term
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Definition
causes crime rate to go up in comparison to cities with similar poverty but low concentration crime is down.
causes social isolation from non poor so no role model and mainstream society |
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Term
| race vs social class (man child theory) |
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Definition
| race has decline influence and social class is more important |
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Term
| massey over arching theory |
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Definition
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Term
| massey's residential segregation |
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Definition
-tendency for blacks and whites to live apart
- |
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Term
which area of us is more segregated?
Why? |
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Definition
north
-south's segregation is at a smaller level due to whites in south are more comfortable living near blacks because our history has established the mores |
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Term
| what does massey say is root of problem |
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Definition
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Term
| how does segregation happen according to massey |
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Definition
subtle or overt threats of blacks
residential steering
redlining
white flight |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of real estate agents to steer blacks and whites to there respective communities which reflects the norms |
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Term
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Definition
| metaphor for the line bankers draws where the bank will not give mortgages due to value of area so area declines in value even more |
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Term
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Definition
| whites leave area when 5-7% black |
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Term
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Definition
| black have high poverty so you are segregating poverty and concentrating it which leads to social isolation |
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Term
massey
economic implications
social isolation |
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Definition
-concentration of poverty causes a perpetual cycle of ignorance i.e. you and people around you don't know how the labor force works
-people need many weak ties to succeed and these people mainly have strong ties because of the redundant info around the group of strong ties. |
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Term
massey
cultural implications
social isolation |
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Definition
-when groups of people are segregated i.e blacks then they develop different than mainstream
-they are culturally isolated and develop Ebonics and sagging pants
-underclass black inner school is culturally dedicated to not succeeding in school and a violent image is necessary
-mainstream negatively labels there culture |
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Term
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Definition
street=violent
decent=middle class
street will take over decent in any social context |
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Term
massey
political implications
social isolation |
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Definition
-political isolation
-blacks are not involved in coalition politics and can't not form these coalitions to gain power and just live in zones of political weakness |
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Term
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Definition
-changing structure of city
-used to have work-resident enclave and when city grew it just made another w-r enclave.
-so technology and develops larger connected communities so you don't have to live near work. so population de-concentrated to suburbs and suburbs could still feel apart of the city.
-so industrial drift
-so we have spatial mismatch btw locale of jobs and people and so concentration of poverty and then social isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| city industrially re organize and low skill manufacturing moved to suburbs for more horizontal space and move overseas and high skill move back to center and built up because they don't need horizontal space. |
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Term
| problem with solutions to concentration of poverty |
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Definition
| geographically based and they build subsided house inc enter of city forcing people to stay in center and have hrd time finding job |
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Term
| what links massey, wilson, and kasarda |
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Definition
| geo-mobility=social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
latinos and hipanics
15%
grew 10mil latinoes btw 2000-2006 |
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Term
| what explains huge growth of Latinos |
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Definition
making babies
pop boom in 90s because of economic boom |
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Term
| what is largest Hispanic group |
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Definition
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Term
| what ended immigration boom |
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Definition
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Term
| who has lowest media personal incomes |
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Definition
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Term
| % of people of color with high school diplomas |
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Definition
latino 39.6
white 11.2
black 20 |
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Term
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Definition
12.3 for latino
33.7 for black
4.3 for white
-crime rate doesn't match when compared to level of poverty of latino |
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Term
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Definition
push factors: bad mexican economy
pull factors:boom in us economy
individual factors:temporary fix for money or for family or for better life |
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Term
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Definition
-huge economic differential
-an old border started in 1853 (70 years then social construction)
-the railroad helped economic boom
1920-1990s |
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Term
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Definition
war so high death toll- rise in patriotism
-kkk got powerful (5milpeople)
-kkk pushed anti immigration |
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Term
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Definition
us border control-defend border
didn't work that good
people still need workers some still don't want them |
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Term
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Definition
| depression- hired okies(poor americans) and deported half of mexican pop |
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Term
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Definition
war-massive spending- then economic boom
-growers need people; okies don't work
- so mexicans can enter legally |
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Term
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Definition
economic boom- red scare- cold war- protect the border
-bracero program- satisfy growers while giving appearance of protection (fake deportation) |
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Term
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Definition
-civil rights movement
-first time for restriction(age of immigration)-1965 immigration act:effected pop alot; it was civil rights act
-tried to make fair and balanced by letting in 20000 people max every year from every country
-coincided with mexican economy downturn so push factor intensifies
-1965-1986:5.7 mil across border (80percent illegal)
-many visited america for money |
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Term
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Definition
-patriotism
-immigration reform and control act |
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Term
| immigration reform and control act |
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Definition
| militarize border and immigration was national security issue; if you hire illegal it is big fine; |
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Term
| effect of immigration reform and control act |
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Definition
so then mexicans didn't go back to mexico for fear that they couldn't go back to usa
-latinoes have low reserve wage and
viewed favorably by employers and
embedded in establish job networks and
strong tradition of entrepreneurship
so they push blacks out and increase black crime |
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Term
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Definition
| war on immigration so they wall off main areas of immigration (el paso and san diego) so latino immigation becomes national problem because they start coming across border in southern states |
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Term
| latino parodox and great american crime decline |
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Definition
some say they forced crime rate down
decline would have happened anyway
mainly was decline in black crime with crack epidemic settling |
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Term
| crime rates of latinos in traditional vs new destination |
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Definition
-new destination has higher crime
-traditional not disruptive due to communities already set up which protect them even in low poverty
-high linguistic isolation and victimization and more prejudiced goes up dramatically in new destinations |
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Term
| latinos effect on blacks and rural whites |
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Definition
| they displace them by taking there jobs causing black and rural white homicide to go up |
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Term
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Definition
-social capital: bonding (within organization is super tight) and bridging (connections btw bonding organizations)
-catholic and protestant are concerned with bridging capital
-small non mainstream churches focus on bonding capital |
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Term
| religious ecology and latinos |
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Definition
| if area is bridging then latinos can come in and crime goes down and opposite for bonding area in new destinations |
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Term
| is there a definite immigration-crime link |
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Definition
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Term
| has immigration been good for economy |
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Definition
| yes, critical for building the economy |
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Term
| low skill vs high skill jobs |
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Definition
high skill engender community by a mutual contract
low skill doesn't have this
low skill jobs still important |
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Term
| social disorganization perspective and crime |
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Definition
poverty is key
by reducing social control capacity of community through poverty and inequality and unemployment
without social control keeping community focusing on mainstream norms unacceptable conduct follows |
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Term
| historical perspectives on crime |
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Definition
demonic
classical
pathological |
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Term
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Definition
-late 1600s
-choice is still available
-crime is sin and transgression against will of god
-succumb to evil by temptation or possession
-crime involves more than offender and victim i.e. everything is harmed by crime
-punishments:trial by torture or ordeal
-if torture and die they must be guilty for god would fortify the innocent
-function is to put u in place as servant of divine
-fixation on soul rather than body
-sin is sin-no differentiation
-appeal to authority-fallacy that if authority says it, it is true |
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Term
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Definition
-late 1700s
-deviance as rational hedonism
-first modern perspective-cesare beccaria
-max pleasure, minimize pain- humans, thus humans are rational and calculating so no god guiding
-so crime is no different than any other behavior
-utilitarian calculus-utility of decision(+ and - of decision)
-not concerned with actors in crime buy with acts of crime
-deductive reasoning
-punishment model is still used today |
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Term
| how did change come about in 100 years to classical |
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Definition
| feudal to capitalist economy so no common form of belief and traditions fell away and church power declined and power of individual rose |
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Term
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Definition
-crime/deviance is sickness in person
-medical model
-Cesare Lambroso- (atavism) though variations in birth caused some to be more primitive so they are vulnerable to crime.
-stigmata-physical manifestations of this atavism
-large ears, big jaw, long arms, receding hair line; more than 6 of these and then person is born criminal
-determinism-things are determined(cause and effect)
-followed from darwin theory
-lead to idea of inferiority of type of people
-leads to positivism-cause of crime can on by understood through controlled observation and experimentation |
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