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| formal rules that regulate disputes between private parties |
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| formal rules designed to maintain social control |
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| law defining the specific behaviors prohibited under the criminal law |
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| the rules for adjudication of individuals suspected of violating the law |
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| the fundamental principles of a society that guide the enactment of specific laws and the application of those laws by courts |
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| specific laws passed by legislatures that prohibit or mandate certain acts |
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| specific laws passed by legislatures that prohibit or mandate certain acts |
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| laws that apply to a specific county, city or town |
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| a compilation of all the criminal laws of a jurisdiction |
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| judicial application and interpretation of law as it applies in a given case |
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| previous court decisions that are followed in current cases to ensure consistency in the application of the law |
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| administrative regulations |
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| rules applied to organizations that are designed to protect public health, safety and welfare in the marketplace |
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| the view that law reflects society's consensus regarding behavior that is harmful enough to warrant government intervention |
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| the view that an act becomes a crime only when it serves the interest of those in positions of power |
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| the authority of a state, county, or city to apply its own laws within its own territory |
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| the body of unrecorded decisions made by English judges in the Middle Ages, reflecting the values, customs, and beliefs of the period |
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| more than 55,000 government agencies that deal with aspects of crime, including criminal law enforcement, the courts, and corrections |
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| due process (constitutional) |
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| a legal protection included in the Constitution that guarantees all citizens the right to be adjudicated under established law and legal procedures |
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| the "guilty mind" or conscious decision to commit a criminal act |
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| the behavior that must be committed to meet the definition of a crim |
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| establishing the presence of the elements of a crime in a given case, thereby subjecting the accused person to criminal penalties |
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| a condition in which a person has the opportunity to exercise control over an object |
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| a condition in which a person has exclusive control over an object |
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| a standard under which persons are culpable for their actions if they understand the consequences of those actions |
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| conscious purposiveness in conduct; a factor in the determination of criminal responsibility |
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| a claim that the defendant was not sane under law at the time of the act |
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| an ongoing pattern of severe physical abuse that constitutes a continual threat of harm |
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| a defense in which a person claims to have engaged in criminal conduct because of a threat of immediate and serious bodily harm by another person |
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| a defense in which a person claims to have engaged in otherwise criminal behavior because of the forces of nature |
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| a defense in which a person claims that honest ignorance rules out the presence of a "guilty mind" |
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| a defense in which a defendant claims that a law is not widely known and that the person could not have been expected to be aware of it |
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| a defense designed to prevent the government from manufacturing crime by setting traps for unwary citizens |
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| a reasonable link between a specific person and a particular crime; required before police can arrest or search |
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| a sworn statement by police that attests to the existence of probable cause in a given case |
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| process of taking a suspect into custody for the purpose of prosecution |
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| a procedure in which an official record of the arrest is made |
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| a written notice to appear in court |
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| a form of pretrial release where the court holds money or property to ensure that the arrestee will appear for trial |
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| bail posted by a bondsman on behalf of an arrestee |
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| a statement of innocence or guilt |
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| a hearing where the defendant is informed of the charges and of his or her rights and enters a plea |
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| a formal accusation of a crime filed by a prosecutor based on the findings of a preliminary hearing |
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| a group of citizens who hear the evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether probable cause exists to hold a person for trial |
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| a formal accusation of a crime based on the vote of a grand jury |
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| a trial in which the judge determines guilt or innocence |
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| a trial in which the jury determines guilt or innocence |
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| system of community self-responsibility that existed during the Middle Ages, in which residents were held responsible for the conduct of their neighbors |
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| citizen in charge of weapons for one hundred families in his geographic area. |
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| a judge's decision as to what is to be the most appropriate punishment, given the type of crime and offender |
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| presentence investigation |
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| done by probation department that seeks information regarding the offender's personal and social background, etc. |
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| segregation of offenders from the rest of the community in jails or prisons |
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| a phase of the criminal justice system in which an offender completes the end of a prison sentence under supervision in the community |
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| a review of lower court decisions by a higher court to look for errors of law or procedure |
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| the title of the judges of an appellate court |
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| a trial that has been declared invalid because of a substantial error in law or procedure |
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| official appointed by British Crown who was responsible for overseeing the constables and several hundred families in an area |
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| established in England in 1285 to aid constables in their law enforcement efforts |
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| established in 1326 to assist the sheriff in enforcing the law; role eventually shifted to adjudication |
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| first organized police department in London (1829) |
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| focused on the improved operation of the criminal justice system as the best way to reduce crime |
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| early-twentieth-century era in policing that focused on efficiency, professionalism and improved technology |
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| changes in police organization, administration and technology aimed at improving the efficiency of the police |
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| Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) |
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| 1968; set up within the Department of Justice to allocate money to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system |
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| service-oriented style of law enforcement that focuses on disorder in the community, crime prevention, and fear reduction |
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| federal programs that combine enforcement with community services in an effort to reduce crime in targeted neighborhoods |
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| primarily engaged in highway patrol activities; half have the authority to conduct investigative work |
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| 17 different agencies that investigate violations of federal law; perform exclusively investigative functions |
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| transnational law enforcement |
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| international agreements and efforts that attempt to serve the interest of all nations in the face of the growth of international travel |
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| International Criminal Police Organization (177); assists member law enforcement agencies requiring information about crimes or criminals |
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| multijurisdictional task forces |
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| multiagency efforts to combat multijurisdictional crimes allowing for pooling of evidence, personnel and expertise to reduce unnecessary duplication of effort |
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| law enforcement agencies that protect private property and are paid by private individuals and corporations |
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