Term
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Definition
british origin
families banded together for protection
all males over age 12 expected to participate in 'tithing'
expected to warn others of crime; family fined if you didn't |
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Term
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head of a group of 10 men who served as an administrator and judge
tithings in frankpledge system |
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Term
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Definition
| head of law enforcement for large districts in early england |
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Term
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Definition
an early english system overseen by the constable in which a watchman guarded a city's or town's gates at night
early england |
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Definition
| led english shire's military forces and judged cases |
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Definition
early england
the alarm that citizens were required to raise on the witness or discovery of a criminal offense |
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Term
| how did gin contribute to development of law enforcement? |
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Definition
there was an excess of grain
discounted price of grain
made grain into gin
overproduction of gin
price of gin drops and is available to everyone
(democratized drunkenness)
drunk and disorderly behavior
hired watchmen
people with $ moved to suburbs
concentrated poverty and drunks
taxes on gin |
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Term
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Definition
organized by henry fielding
patrolled
early england |
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Term
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Definition
british origin
created by west india trading company; patrolled the docks
first salaried police force in england |
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Term
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Definition
| first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force |
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Term
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Definition
fist organized police force
over 1000 men
created under metropolitan police act |
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Term
| 3 features that americans adopted from english |
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Definition
1. limited police authority
2. local control
3. fragmented system |
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Term
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Definition
| the right and power to commit an act or order others to commit an act |
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Term
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Definition
| mode of policing that emphasizes the maintenance of order and informal intervention on the part of the police officer rather than strict enforcement of the law |
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Term
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Definition
mode of policing that emphasizes enforcement of the letter of the law
requires little discretion |
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Term
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Definition
| mode of policing that is concerned primarily with serving the community and citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| suspicion of illegal activity based on person's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity |
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Term
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Definition
| area under the control of an individual during an arrest in an automobile |
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Term
| What are the three Amendments to the U.S. Constitution that are used to support Miranda v. Arizona (1966)? |
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Definition
5th (against self-incrimination)
and 6th (right to an attorney)
14th (due process) |
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Term
| What are the five (5) aspects of an arrestee’s rights according to Miranda? |
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Definition
1. You have the right to remain silent and to refuse to answer questions.
2. Anything you do say may be used against you in a court of law.
3. You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future.
4. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish.
If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney. |
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Term
| If an individual believes that they have been searched contrary to their Constitutional rights, what two questions must be answered to initially determine if there is a Fourth Amendment issue? |
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Definition
1. What is the expectation of level of privacy?
2. Was the search conducted by a governmental agent? |
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Term
| put the historical time periods in order |
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Definition
1. british origin
2. colonial
3. progressive/scientific
4. industrial
5. civil rights
6. homeland security |
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Term
| british origin of policing |
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Definition
| franpledge system, bow street runners, thames river police |
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Term
| colonial origin of policing |
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Definition
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Term
| colonial origin of policing |
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Definition
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Term
| Progressive/scientific era of policing |
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Definition
immigration led to increase in poor, crime, and social/economic problems
development of mental hospitals, orphanages, prisons, poor houses
focused on socially offensive crimes like vagrance and prostitution |
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Term
| what type of crimes did progressive/scientific era focus on? |
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Definition
| focused on socially offensive crimes like vagrance and prostitution |
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Term
| what type of crimes did progressive/scientific era focus on? |
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Definition
| focused on socially offensive crimes like vagrance and prostitution |
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Term
| industrialization era in policing |
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Definition
organized labor unions
resources needed protection
manufacturing equipment needed protection
PROPerty crIME
police were corrupt in that they used resources and budgets to control lower class + to give power and wealth to elite
pendleton civil service act: employment and promotions in policing based on merit rather than political connections. decrease corruption |
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Term
| what kind of crime did the industrial era focus on? |
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Definition
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Term
| civil rights era of policing |
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Definition
volmmer wrote Wickersham Commission Report
found that policing was a profession that serves community and is nonpartisan (not politically influenced)
should develop hiring standards
WILSON: increased policing efficiency by assigning officers based on amount of reported crime and calls for service.
HOOVER: created FBI
vigilantism increased |
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Term
| homeland security era of policing |
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Definition
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Term
| homeland security era of policing |
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Definition
9/11 events brought change:
1. role expansion: must also be on look out for terroristic threat along with other duties and be prepared to deal with weapons of mass destruction
2. racial and ethnic profiling: tendency to pay attention to citizens who appear to come from other parts of world
3. immigration enforcement: development of department of homeland security.
4. personnel shortages: law enforcement agency's employees being called to active duty in iraq + Afghanistan
less than lethal weapons, information technology, dna analysis, crime mapping |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding warrantless searches, identify and clearly explain the exceptions that allow police to search without a warrant. |
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Definition
1. searches incident to arrest
2. consent search ( most common)
3. exigent search or emergency search
4. vehicle searches
5. special needs searches |
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Term
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Definition
| officers in middle of urgent situation in which they must act swiftly and do not have time to go to a judge for a warrant. Example: officers in hot pursuit, somebody is in danger |
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Term
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Definition
a. border search (when crossing U.S. order)
b. airport searches
c. search of prisoners (can be searched at any time)
d. probationers and parolees (police officers can search without probable cause)
e. students (can be searched by teachers if they are on school property)
f. employee drug testing |
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Term
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Definition
| a. There was an excess of grain so needed to do something with it so they discounted the price and made it into gin. Overproduction of gin led to a decrease in the price and everyone could afford it (democratized drunkenness). Led to drunk and disorderly behavior so they privately hired watchmen. People with money moved to suburbs; concentrated poverty and drunks. Solution was to increase tax on gin |
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Term
| 1. What is a “Terry Stop”? Clearly define the meaning, origin, and impact on police behavior that Terry stops have on police investigations. |
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Definition
i. Origin = Terry v. Ohio established the “stop and frisk” rule to allow police to stop and check for weapons.
ii. Two men kept looking in window of liquor store. Police officer stops and pats them down and finds an illegal gun.
iii. Supreme court says that discretion is allowed if preventing a crime.
iv. Police have right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed |
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Term
| 1. What is the exclusionary rule? Define the meaning, the impact on police investigations, as well as the two major legal cases that define the exclusionary rule and what those cases stated. |
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Definition
a. The rule dictates that police must follow procedural law when gathering evidence
b. Prosecutor is prohibited from using illegally obtained evidence
i. Three reasons
1. If court used illegally obtained evidence, then the courts would be participating in violating defendant’s rights
2. Exclusionary law deters officers from attempting to illegally obtain evidence
ii. Three types of evidence
1. Identification of suspects
2. Confessions in which Miranda rules apply
Searches
c. Two major cases that defined exclusionary rule
i. Mapp v. Ohio
1. Police officers forcibly entered a home in search of a bombing suspect without search warrant and denied mapp contact with her attorney. officers discovered illegal pornography in home and charged + convicted her. Appealed conviction because illegally seized evidence.
ii. Weeks v us
1. Illegally seized evidence can’t be used in court |
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Term
| 1. Are suspects, who have been arrested and booked into jail, legally entitled to a phone call? Why or why not. Be very clear in how you support your answer. |
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Definition
| a. Yes, because you may need to call your lawyer or a friend to bail you out. You are entitled to have a lawyer present. |
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Term
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Definition
| reason based on known facts to think that a law has been broken or that a property is connected to a criminal offense |
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Definition
| suspicion based on facts or circumstances that justifies stopping and sometimes searching an indiviual through to be involved in illegal activity |
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Term
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Definition
seizure: collecting by police officers of potential evidence in criminal case
stop: temporary detention that legally is a seizure of an individual and must be based on reasonable suspicion |
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Term
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Definition
| policing strategy that attempts to harness the resouces and residents of a given community in stopping crime and maintaining order |
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Term
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Definition
idea that untended property or deviant behavior will attract crime
used as justification for cleaning streets of homeless people, drunks, and unruly teens |
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Term
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Definition
| form of policing punishes every infraction of law with minor fines, arrest, smaller penalties to refrain from committing more serious offenses |
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Term
| policeman's working personality |
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Definition
| mind-set of police who must deal with danger authority, isolation, and suspicion while appearing to be efficient |
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Term
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Definition
| legal police use of violence to enforce law |
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Term
| meat-eaters vs grass-eaters |
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Definition
meat-eaters: knapp police report on corruption. officers who seek out situations that can produce financial gain
grass-eaters: officers who accept bribes but do not actively pursue them |
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