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| The application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system. Generally have a Ph. D. |
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| A medical sobspeciality that applies psychiatry to the needs of crime prevention and solution, criminal rehabilitation, and issues of criminal law |
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Ivan Pavlov (Ring a bell, dog wants food, drools. Gets used to it, ring bell and dog drools)
Association with external changes arising from the environment can predictably alter behavior |
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| The concept of conditioned behavior became known from the work of Ivan Pavlov. (T/F) |
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| Ring a bell, dog wants food, drools. Gets used to it, ring bell and dog drools |
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| A personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of effort. An individual who has a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior and who is lacking in empathy. |
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| A psychopath has no thought or feeling for his/her victims? (T/F) |
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Developed concept of a psychopathic personality
-Psychopath as “moral idiot”
-Poverty of affect – inability to accurately imagine how others think/feel |
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| According to Cleckley, one characteristic of the psychopathic personality is |
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1. Delusions or hallucinations
2. An ability to learn form experience
3. An inability to feel guilt or shame
4. Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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| Inability to accurately imagine how others think/feel |
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| Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) |
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Antisocial/asocial personality
-Individuals who are unsocialized and whose behavior pattern brings them into repeated conflicts with society |
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| Criminal behavior is maladaptive, the result of inadequacies inherent in the personality |
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| The attempt to relieve patients of their mental disorders through the application |
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| The term psychoanalysis was coined by Sigmund Freud (T/F) |
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said the basis of any society was imitation
-Tarde’s three laws of imitation and suggestion:
-People in close contact tend to imitate each other’s behavior
-Imitation moves from the top down
-New acts and behaviors either reinforce |
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| According to Gabriel Tarde, imitation moves from the bottom up to the top (T/F) |
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-People in close contact tend to imitate each other’s behavior
-imitation moves from the top down
-New acts and behaviors either reinforce |
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Modeling theory of aggression
-They must learn how to behave aggressively
-People learn to act by observing others
-Aggression can be provoked
-Some individuals become aggressive because they are rewarded for doing so |
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| According to Bandura, aggressive behavior must be learned (T/F) |
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| -Operant behavior: behavior choices operate on the environment to produce consequences |
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| ________ behavior affects the environment in such a way as to produce responses or further behavioral cues |
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| behavior choices operate on the environment to produce consequences |
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| A person’s ability to alter his or her own states and responses. the degree to which a person is vulnerable to temptations of the moment |
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-Impulse control
-Control over the contents of the mind
-Control over emotional and mood states
-Performance control |
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| is the main individual-level cause of crime |
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| The general theory of crime was developed by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. (T/F) |
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| High levels of self-control may explain modern social problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, and failure in school (T/F) |
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Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
Self-Control |
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-Self-control: the degree to which a person is vulnerable to temptations of the moment
-Low self-control is the main individual-level cause of crime |
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Self-control is fostered through parental emotional investment in the child, which includes:
-Monitoring the child’s behavior
-Recognizing deviance when it occurs
-Punishing the child |
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| Harold Grasmick:Individuals with low levels of self-control |
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Impulsive
-Lack diligence and persistence
-Risk-seekers
-A low tolerance for frustration |
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| According to Grasmick, which of the following would be a characteristic of a person with low self-control? |
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| A preference for physical activity (confrontation) |
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| According to Harold Grasmick, individuals with higher levels of self-control are less likely to demand immediate gratification (T/F) |
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| Insanity and the Law: M’Naughten Rule |
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| a rule for determining insanity that asks whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing or whether the defendant knew that what he/she was doing was wrong |
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| Guilty But Mentally Ill (GBMI) |
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-An individual may be help responsible for a crime, when is a degree of metal incompetence is present
-The judge may impose any sentence allowable
-Offenders generally are sent to a psychiatric hospital for treatment until cured |
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| The ______ hold that individuals cannot be held criminally responsive for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong |
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| Offenders adjudicated “guilty but mentally ill” generally are sent directly to prison to serve their sentence (T/F) |
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| Social Structure Theories |
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| Sociological approaches generally use a micro perspective (T/F) |
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| Park and Burgess found that as their economic positions improved, inner-city residents tended to move to outer zones (T/F) |
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| Social structure theories: From past to present |
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-Social disorganization theory: is closely associated with the ecological school of criminology
-Crime was a normal part of all societies and law was a symbol of social solidarity
-Considered an act to be criminal “when it offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience” |
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| Social disorganization theory |
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| is closely associated with the ecological school of criminology |
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| Social Ecology: Park and Burgess (The Chicago School) |
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| Focused on how the structure of society adapts to the quality of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups |
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| Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the _________ school of Criminology. |
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| The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone ___ as being in transition. |
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| Park and Burgess found that as their economic positions improved, inner-city residents tended to move to outer zones (T/F) |
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-Social disorganization theory
-Applied concentric zone model to study of juvenile delinquency
-Found offending rates remained constant over time within zones of transition
-Cultural transmission: delinquent traditions are transmitted through successive generations of the same zone |
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| The concentric zone model was applied to the study of juvenile delinquency by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay. (T/F) |
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| delinquent traditions are transmitted through successive generations of the same zone |
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| Environmental criminology |
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-Emphasizes the importance of geographical location and architectural features associated with the prevalence of victimization
-Sherman’s Minneapolis study
-Stark’s theory of deviant neighborhoods |
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| Environmental criminology emphasizes the relationship between location and the prevalence of victimization. (T/F) |
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| Physical deterioration & unrepaired buildings lead to increased concern for safety among area residents |
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| The broken windows thesis suggests that physical deterioration of a neighborhood can affect crime (T/F) |
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| Collective Efficacy: Robert Sampson |
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-The ability of a community to maintain order in public spaces
-Residents are proactive in protecting the interests of their community
-Mutual trust
-A willingness to intervene in the supervision of children
-The maintenance of public order |
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| Critique of Ecological Theory |
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-May give too much credence to the idea that spatial location determines crime
-Many crimes occur outside of socially disorganized areas |
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-Crime is an alternative means to success
-Not everyone accepts the legitimacy of social approved goals |
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| disjunction between legitimate goals, which everyone desires, and socially approved means to success which are not equally available to all members of society |
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| The classic statement of strain theory was developed by: |
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| Merton’s strain theory stresses: |
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| accept legitimate goals and have access to approved means |
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| a lack of access to approved means |
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| replace socially approved goals and means |
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| Rejects both the goals and means |
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| lack of interest in achieving goals |
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| According to Merton, which of the following is the mode of adaptation that typifies most middle and upper class individuals |
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-Retreatism
-Ritualism
-Innovation
-Conformity |
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| According to Merton, the _______ mode of adaptation involved rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means |
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-Retreatism
-Ritualism
-Innovation
-Conformity |
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| the economic and social gap between rich and poor who live in close proximity |
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-blame crime on inconsistencies in the ability to achieve the American Dream
-Relative deprivation creates anger and frsturation |
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| The notion of relative deprivation was proposed by Steven F Messner and Richard Rosenfeld (T/F) |
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Relative deprivation is a key element in subcultural theories
(T/F) |
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| increase the frequency of approved behavior |
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| decrease the frequency of unwanted behavior |
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| adding something desirable (e.g. as when a good child is given a toy) |
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| removing something distressful (e.g. as when a good child is permitted to skip the mornings chores) |
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| adding something undesirable to the situation (as when a bad child is spanked) |
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| removing something desirable from the situation (as when a bad child’s candy is taken away) |
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| neutralization theory is most closely associated with the work of Gresham Skyes and David Matza (T/F) |
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