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Definition
| callous and insensitive treatment by the criminal justice system, which inflicts additional psychological harm and emotional trauma on victims. |
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Term
| reasonable suspicion, probable cause, preponderance |
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Definition
A reasonable suspicion is what a police officer must have in order to momentarily detain a person to question them about a crime. Probable cause is what a police officer must have in order to make an arrest or search a person's home or business. Preponderance is the measure of proof required in civil courts. It is sometimes referred to as the "51% of the evidence rule". |
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Definition
| When somebody is trasported and detained overnight. Technically when a person's freedom to leave is curtailed by a law enforcement officer. |
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Definition
| an arrest made without first seeking a warrant, based on probably cause and permissible under specified circumstances |
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Definition
| the Constitutional prohibition of the use of illegally obtained evidence in court. |
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Definition
| a now defunct law enforcement rule that permitted officers to shoot a suspected felon attempting to flee from a lawful arrest. |
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Term
| Working personality of police officer |
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Definition
| the effect of daily police work on officers' view of the world, characterized by the cynicism and suspicion. |
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Term
| Paradox of coercive power |
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Definition
| the more a person in authority uses power, the more they lose authority to use power |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of the military metaphor for the structure and mission of policing |
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Term
| Preventative Patrol & Rapid Reponse |
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Definition
| urgent response system of policing based on citizen use of 911, two-way radios, and mobile command and control units. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1973 experiment that compared the deterrent effect of three different modes of police patrol |
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Term
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Definition
| pro-active policing strategy which relies upon problem solving in close collaboration with the citizens within the community |
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Term
| broken windows theory of crime |
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Definition
| minor crimes such as vandalism are early signs of neighborhood in decline |
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Term
| limited, general and appellate jurisdiction |
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Definition
misdemeanor and petty offenses;
appeal courts, petty offenses, court of record, criminal court;
just appeals, court of last resort |
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Term
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Definition
| a court which has final authority |
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Term
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Definition
| the right of a convicted defendant to have a higher court review the proceedings |
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Term
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Definition
| document issued by a higher court directing a lower court to prepare the record of a case and send it to the higher court for review |
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Definition
| the requirement that a minimum of four US supreme Court justices must consent to issue a writ of certiorari |
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Term
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Definition
| a trial in which the judge hears the facts and issues a verdict on the guilt or innocence of the defendants |
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Term
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Definition
| a government attorney who instigates the prosecution of an accused and represents the interests of the state at trial |
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Term
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Definition
| an attorney whose ethical duty is to zealously represent the interests of the defendant before the court |
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Term
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Definition
| the authority held by prosecutors to use discretion in choosing whom to prosecute |
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Term
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Definition
| the negotiation of an agreement among the prosecutor, judge and defense as to the charge or sentence to be imposed upon a guilty plea |
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Term
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Definition
| written or oral requests to the judge by the prosecution or defense before the trial |
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Term
| forms of evidence: direct, circumsstancial, demonstrative, testimonial, hearsay, dying declaration, expert witness, character witness |
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Definition
direct - eyewitness accounts;
circumstantial - infer a fact;
demonstrative - photo, object;
testimonial - statements under oath;
hearsay - what another person saw/heard;
dying - last words of a dying witness;
expert witness - expert in a field
character - offers testimony without relevance; |
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Term
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Definition
petit - 6 or 12 to determine guilty or innocent;
grand - 6 to 13 citizens to determine if theres enough evidence to prosecute |
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Term
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Definition
| the power of the jury to ignore the laws |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which lawyers and the judge question potential jurors for a given case |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a certain number of jurors by counsel for each side without reason |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of jurors for states reasons |
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Term
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Definition
| retribution (punishment), incapacitation (incarceration), deterrence (discourage), rehabilitation (changing), restitution (repay victim). |
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Term
| 3 models of sentencing: judicial, administrative, legislative |
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Definition
judicial - judge sentences;
administrative - parole boards, wardens, to determine release conditions;
legislative - mandatory sentences |
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Term
| determinate v. indeterminate sentencing |
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Definition
imposition of a fixed or set amount of time in prison;
imposition of an unspecified amount of time in prison somewhere between a minimum and maximum (determined by conduct) |
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Term
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Definition
| constitutional requirement that the imposition of the death penalty be subject to a separate hearing after the adjudication of guilt or innocence has taken place |
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Term
| guided discretion statutes |
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Definition
| capital statues that specify the mitigating and aggravating circumstances juries should consider in the penalty phase of a capital trial. |
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Term
| separate vs congregate system |
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Definition
separate - solitary confinement to prevent "social contamination" ;
congregate - alone at night, work with others during day |
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Term
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Definition
| those who work in the prison have total control of the inmates |
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Term
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Definition
| deprivation associated with prison (absence of goods, autonomy, heterosexual interaction, security) |
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Term
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Definition
| where a new inmate becomes socialized tot he inmate subculture, an adaption to prison life |
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Term
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Definition
| refusal of the courts to hear inmates' cases regarding conditions of confinement and Constitutional deprivations within institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentence an offender serves in the community under correctional supervision |
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Term
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Definition
| conditional release of an inmate from incarceration under supervision after a portion of the prison sentence has been served |
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Term
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Definition
| a response to crime that seeks to restore the well-being of victims and the larger community while promoting responsible and productive behavior in offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| criminal justice activities that explicitly include the community and include prevention and enhancement of the quality of life and health of the community as part of their goals |
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Term
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Definition
4 Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
5 Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.
6 Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.
8 Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures was not violated when a police officer stopped a suspect on the street and searched him without probable cause to arrest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures", may not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ruled that a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges -- the dismissal of jurors without stating a valid cause for doing so -- may not be used to exclude jurors based solely on their race. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaffirmed the Supreme Court's acceptance of the use of the death penalty in the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| basic level of due process |
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