Term
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Definition
| Which stage in the criminal justice process involves taking pictures and fingerprints of the suspect? |
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Term
| Who returns an indictment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acceptable pleas generally include |
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Definition
| guilty, not guilty, nolo contendere |
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Term
| Which model emphasizes individual rights? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders? |
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Definition
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Term
| Criminal Justice involves which of the following aspects? |
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Definition
| the criminal law, the law of criminal procedure, the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of the criminal law |
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Term
| Which of the following terms refer to the necessary level of belief that would allow the police to make an arrest? |
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Definition
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Term
| Defendants are usually advised of their constitutional rights as enumerated in the famous Supreme Court decision of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following advocates would support the protection of personal freedoms and civil rights? |
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Definition
| individual-rights advocates |
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Term
| A _______________ sentence is when an offender serves one sentence after another is completed |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following advocates would support the interests of society over individual rights? |
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Definition
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Term
| An offender who has served a specified portion of his or her prison sentence may be freed on |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following rights are stated in the Miranda warnings except |
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Definition
| "You have the right to bail." |
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Term
| Which model of criminal justice assumes that the efforts of the component parts of the system are fragmented, leading to a criminal justice nonsystem? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a defendant stands mute at her arraignment, what plea will be entered by the judge? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bail will usually be set at the |
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Definition
| first appearance before the judge |
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Term
| The __________________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees every criminal defendant's right to a jury trial. |
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Definition
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Term
| The weapon of choice in most murders is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which offense has the highest clearance rate of any index crime? |
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Definition
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Term
| Victims may not report crimes for various reasons, including |
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Definition
embarrassment about the crime itself
a fear of reprisal
the belief that the police can't do anything |
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Term
| The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another, by force or the threat of force, is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following agencies is responsible for compiling the NCVS? |
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Definition
| Bureau of Justice Statistics |
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Term
| The ________________ is based upon victim self-reports rather than on police reports. |
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Definition
| National Crime Victimization Survey |
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Term
| Which of the following is a problem with the NCVS? |
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Definition
| false reports, respondents who suffer from faculty memories, innacurate reports |
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Term
| The burning or attempted burning of property with or without intent to defraud is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| Most aggravated assaults were committed with |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The National Crime Victimization Survey does not include information about which crime? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Uniform Crime Reports are based on |
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Definition
| reports to the police by victims of the crime |
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Term
| All of the following crimes are UCR Part I offenses except |
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Definition
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Term
| If a male assaults a female, steals her car, and, when abandoning the car, runs off with her purse, which crime would be included in UCR statistics? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Uniform Crime Reports were originated by United States Congressional authorization to the attorney general in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| William Sheldon believed predominately _____________ individuals were most prone to aggression, violence, and delinquency. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of psychological theories? |
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Definition
| Crimes result from inappropriately conditioned behavior, or from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality, Personality is the major motivational element within individuals, The individual is the primary unit of analysis |
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Term
| Walter Reckless's containment theory describes two types of containment that are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Sykes and Matza's neutralization techniques include |
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Definition
denial of the victim
denial of the injury
denial of responsibility |
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Term
| Which school explains criminal behavior by looking at physical characteristics and/or genetic makeup? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution |
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Term
| Which of the following terms refers to normlessness? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of Sheldon's body types is characterized by thinness, fragility, and delicacy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following theories proposes that when an individual's bond to society weakens, then the likelihood of crime increases? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to ______________, criminal behavior is learned. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following type of law is based on the assumption that acts injure not just individuals, but society as a whole? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following refers to a traditional body of early-unwritten legal precedents created from everyday English social customs, rules, and practices? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mala prohibita offenses include |
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Definition
gambling
prostitution
illicit drug use |
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Term
| The functions of law include |
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Definition
maintaining order in society
regulating human interaction
identifying evildoers |
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Term
| Which type of law involves a body of rules which regulates the processing of an offender by the criminal justice system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Murder, motor vehicle theft, and robbery all fall under what branch of modern law? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is a procedural defense? |
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Definition
double jeopardy
selective prosecution
prosecutorial misconduct |
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Term
| In the multiple-murder trial of Colin Ferguson, who was charged with killing six passengers and wounding 19 others, which defense was used? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a justification defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| An alibi defense can be supported by |
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Definition
hotel receipts
eyewitness identification
participation in social events |
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Term
| Which of the following elements of crime means guilty mind |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Metropolitan Police of London |
|
Definition
was formed in 1829
was formed by Sir Robert Peel
adopted a military administrative state |
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Term
|
Definition
were the most disciplined enforcement agents in London
were created by Henry Fielding |
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Term
| Attempts to police the early western frontier were known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Which commission, started in 1931, recognized prohibition as unenforceable as well as a catalyst to police corruption? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment established that |
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Definition
| preventive patrol doesn't affect citizen fear of crime |
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Term
| The FBI provides services to countless state and local policing agencies through |
|
Definition
the National Crime Information Center
the Idenification Division
the FBI laboratories |
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Term
| Whose name is most closely associated with the FBI? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What federal law enforcement agency is responsible for maintaining the Uniform Crime Reporting Program? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the primary responsibilities of the U.S. Marshals is |
|
Definition
| to provide security in federal courts |
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Term
| What city's police department numbers almost 30,000 sworn officers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What strategy is designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the application of scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which private police agency had the motto We Never Sleep? |
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Definition
| Pinkerton National Detective Agency |
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Term
| What state had the first modern state police agency? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases specified the conditions under which deadly force could be used to apprehend a suspected felon? |
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Definition
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Term
| The political era of American policing was characterized by |
|
Definition
| police serving the interests of politicians |
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Term
| What division within a police department is responsible for investigating charges of wrongdoing made against officers? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following is cited in the text as the most effective way to combat corruption in police work? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is a major strategy used to combat police corruption? |
|
Definition
| increased ethics training of both new and experienced officers |
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Term
| Historically, officers were allowed to use deadly force to prevent the escape of a suspected felon. This was known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Community policing is best characterized by which of the following? |
|
Definition
| providing service to citizens |
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Term
| Which of following factors influences a police officer's use of discretion? |
|
Definition
pressure from victims
departmental policy
background of the officer |
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Term
| Who coined the phrase working personality of police officers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is the police subculture best described? |
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Definition
| The set of values, beliefs, and forms of behavior which characterize American police |
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Term
| Officers who have adopted the working personality are often |
|
Definition
cynical
authoritarian
prejudiced |
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Term
| What is the meaning of the term Grass-Eaters as a form of police corruption? |
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Definition
| Officers who accept small bribes and minor services offered by citizens |
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Term
| What name is most closely associated with the Watchman style of policing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The legalistic style of policing |
|
Definition
| enforces the letter of the law |
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Term
| A police officer can be sued for |
|
Definition
false arrest
failure to prevent a foreseeable crime
negligence in the care of persons in police custody |
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Term
| Police professionalism is characterized by |
|
Definition
specialized knowledge
extensive education
internal standards and ethical guidelines |
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Term
| The Peace Officer Standards and Training program requires officers to complete a course in all of the following except |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is a type of police corruption that involves the active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The major areas of police activity infused with due process requirements are |
|
Definition
search and seizure
arrest
nterrogation |
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Term
| Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Which 1960s U.S. Supreme Court dramatically changed by the day-to-day practice of American policing? |
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Definition
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Term
| This rule requires that incriminating evidence must be seized by police according to the Constitutional specifications of due process or it will not be allowed as evidence in court |
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Definition
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Term
| Which U.S. Supreme Court case was responsible for the creation of the exclusionary rule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which legal principle excludes any evidence resulting from an originally illegal search or seizure from introduction at trial? |
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Definition
| fruit-of-the-poisoned-tree doctrine |
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Term
| This Supreme Court case has become the basis for stop and frisk. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The 1984 U.S. Supreme Court case U.S. v. Leon established the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Chimel v. California established |
|
Definition
| that officers can only search the person arrested and the area under that person's "immediate control." |
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Term
| In order for the plain view doctrine to apply, |
|
Definition
officers must have legal right to be in the viewing areas.
officers must have cause to believe that the evidence is somehow associated with criminal activity |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a justification for emergency warrantless searches? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Supreme Court ruling applied the principles developed in Weeks v. U.S. to trials in state courts? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In which of the following situation(s) might an officer be able to conduct a warrantless search? |
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Definition
vehicle search
search incident to a lawful arrest
emergency searches |
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Term
| What famous 1965 U.S. Supreme Court case provided the advisement of rights to criminal suspects prior to police questioning? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which 1936 Supreme Court case prohibited corporal punishment as a means of obtaining a confession? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Amendment guarantees against self-incrimination and excludes any form of coercion during interrogation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In ______________, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that considerations of public safety can be overriding and negate the need for rights advisement prior to limited questioning |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In order for a waiver of rights to be legal, |
|
Definition
the waiver must be voluntary.
the waiver must be knowing.
the waiver must be intelligent |
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Term
| Which of the following is an exception to the exclusionary rule? |
|
Definition
plain view doctrine
stop and frisk authority
emergency questioning |
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Term
| Courts which have the authority to review decision made by a lower court are said to have |
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Definition
|
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Term
| All of the following are true statements about the U.S. Supreme Court except |
|
Definition
| once confirmed, a justice serves an eight-year term |
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Term
| bail decision is made at what stage of the court process? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| There are ____________district courts in the federal court system. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In which court would a felony trial be held in the federal court system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Bail serves two purposes: One is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial.The other is |
|
Definition
| to prevent unconvicted persons from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily. |
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Term
| When Jill Cessia appeared at her first appearance, Judge Smith set bail at $10,000. She was released when she paid $1,500 to a bail bondsman. This is an example of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| All of the following are true about grand juries except |
|
Definition
| defendants appear before the grand jury and have the absolute right to cross-examine witnesses. |
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Term
| All of the following are considered professionals in the courtroom work group except the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which statement is false regarding the role of the judge in the courtroom work group |
|
Definition
| The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant. |
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Term
| Which work group member has the responsibility of demonstrating to a jury that a defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The role of a defense attorney includes representing the accused, and |
|
Definition
appealing a conviction.
testing the strength of the prosecution's case
participating in plea negotiations. |
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Term
| Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the right to counsel for indigent defendants in state felony court proceedings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry into the courtroom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the right to counsel for juvenile defendants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most widely used system of indigent defense is |
|
Definition
| court-appointed defense attorneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
full-time salaried staff.
overworked because of huge caseloads |
|
|
Term
| Who is responsible for summoning members of the public for jury duty and subpoenaing witnesses for the prosecution and the defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following represents the order of the steps in a criminal trial? |
|
Definition
| trial initiation, jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judge's charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict |
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Term
| The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when the prosecution does not seek indictment within ______ days of arrest, or where a trial does not begin within ______ days after indictment. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a type of juror challenge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A motion for ___________ asks the court to move the trial to some other area where prejudice against a defendant is less likely to exist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A motion for _______________ asks the court to allow the defendant's lawyer to view the evidence which the prosecution intends to present at trial. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not one of the goals of contemporary sentencing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sentencing goal stresses vengeance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separating offenders from the community furthers which sentencing goal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sentencing goal is closely associated with the phrase, an eye for an eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ deterrence seeks to reduce the likelihood of recidivism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sentencing goal attempts to make the victim whole again |
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Definition
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Term
| A sentence of 8 to 25 years with the possibility of parole is an example of a (n) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Proportionality seeks to ____________. |
|
Definition
| balance the severity of sanctions and the seriousness of the crime |
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Term
| Cooperating with the authorities, good character, and no prior record are examples of _______ factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sentencing practice specifies a sentencing range for each criminal offense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Truth in sentencing guarantees that offenders will serve at least ____________ percent of their sentence. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When a judge requests information prior to sentencing on the background of a convicted defendant, it is called a |
|
Definition
| presentence investigation |
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|
Term
| Probation, parole, home confinement, and electronic monitoring are examples of |
|
Definition
| community-based corrections |
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|
Term
| Who is recognized as the world's first probation officer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheila Macco is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearms, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ____________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All of the following are advantages of using probation instead of imprisonment except |
|
Definition
increased employment opportunities.
allows the offender to maintain family ties.
increased opportunities for rehabilitation |
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Term
| Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ was the first state to have shock incarceration program. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of probation includes at least five face-to-face contacts between officer and probationer each week? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The use of parole in the United States began with |
|
Definition
| the Elmira Reformatory in 1876. |
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|
Term
| The Pennsylvania style of imprisonment was characterized by |
|
Definition
| solitary confinement and individual cells. |
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Term
| Quakers, penance, and the Pennsylvania style of imprisonment are tied to the __________ era |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the early decades of this century, there was opposition to prison industries primarily because they |
|
Definition
| threatened the jobs of workers |
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Term
| Historically, ________________ was the most widely used type of physical punishment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter provides an example of what type of punishment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Auburn system of imprisonment became popular during which prison era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which prison era characterized security, and was based on the belief that prisoners owed a debt to society? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of offenders housed in federal institutions have been convicted of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle. |
|
Definition
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