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| The act of willful neglect pf physical violence that occurs within a familial or other intimate relationship |
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| The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior |
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| A specialist in teh field of crime and the cause of criminal behavior |
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| A school of criminology that holds that wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benifits of criminal or deliquent activity against the expected cost of being apprenhended. When the benifits are greater than the expected cost, the offender will make a rational choice to commit a crime or delinquent act. |
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an approach to ethical reasoning in which the “correct” decision is the one that results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people affected by the decision. |
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Bentham felt that punishment should have four goals: |
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1. To prevent all crime
2. When it cannot prevent crime, to assure that a criminal will commit a lesser crime to avoid a harsher punishment.
3. To give the criminal an incentive not to harm other in the pursuit of crime.
4. To prevent crime at the least possible cost to society. |
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criminal behavior is determined by biological, psychological, and social forces and is beyond the control of the individual. |
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is known as the father of criminology and believed that criminality had been formed at birth. This made him a believer in the positivism school. |
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The Social Disorganization Theory: |
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(the idea of ecology in criminology) States that crime is largely a product of unfavorable conditions in the certain community. |
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Individuals who cannot reach their financial goal through legitimate means. |
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(Emile Durkheim): A condition in which the individual suffers from the breakdown or absence of social norms. According to this theory this condition occurs when a person is disconnected from these norms or rejects them as inconsistent with his or her personal goals. |
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a term used to cover personality traits of those who are easily frustrated, quick to lose the tempers, and disposed to blame others for their own problems |
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member of certain sub- cultures reject the values of the dominate society through deviant behavior. |
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Consider criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person's interactions with his or her environment. According to these theories, everybody has the potential for wrongdoing. Those who act potential are conditioned to do so by family or peer groups, or institutions such as the media. |
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(Edwin Sutherland): criminal activity is a learned behavior.
-Theory of differential association: held that individuals are exposed to the values of family and peers such as school friends or co-workers
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