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Definition
| The various sequential stages through which offenders pass, from initial contact with the law to final disposition, and the agencies charged with enforcing the law at each of these stages |
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| Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) |
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Definition
| Federal agency that granted hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to local and state justice agencies between 1968 and 1982. |
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| The ability of society and its institutions to control, manage, restrain, or direct human behavior |
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| The branch of state government invested with power to make and repeal laws |
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| A state or federal correctional facility that houses convicted criminals who have been sentenced to a period of confinement that is typically more than one year |
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| A county correctional facility that holds people pending trial, awaiting sentencing, serving a sentence that is usually less than one year, or awaiting transfer to other facilities after conviction |
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| Court-ordered community supervision of convicted offenders by a probation agency. Probationers are required to obey specific rules of conduct while in the community |
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Definition
| Community supervision after a period of incarceration |
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| Written court order authorizing and directing that an individual be taken into custody to answer criminal charges |
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| A police officer cannot arrest someone for a misdemeanor unless the officer sees the crime occur. To make an arrest for a crime he did not witness, the officer must obtain a warrant |
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Definition
| If a person is taken into custody for a misdemeanor, a hearing is held to determine if probably cause exists that he committed the crime |
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Definition
| The decision by a prosecutor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of, for example, insufficient evidence, witness reluctance to testify, police error, or office policy |
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Definition
| All parties in the adversary process working together in a cooperative effort to settle cases with the least amount of effort and conflict |
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Term
| "Wedding Cake" Model of Justice |
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Definition
| A view of justice that divides the criminal process into four layers based on the seriousness an notoriety of the crime. The tope lawyer gets the full interest of the law, whereas the bottom layer receives only superficial attention |
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| Crime Control Perspective |
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Definition
| A model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime |
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Definition
| The practice of police targeting members of particular racial or ethnic groups for traffic and other stops because they believe members of that group are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity even though the individual being stopped has not engaged in any improper behavior |
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Definition
| Miranda vs. Arizona, the right of a suspect to refuse to answer questions after an arrest and to have an attorney provided to protect civil rights and liberties |
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Definition
| The legal doctrine that any evidence illegally seized by police cannot be used against a suspect in a court of law |
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| Rehabilitation Perspective |
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Definition
| A model of criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyle through conventional endeavors |
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Definition
| A model of criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings |
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| Nonintervention Perspective |
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Definition
| A model of criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization |
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Definition
| Reducing the penalty for a criminal act wtihout legalizing it |
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| A crime typically involving considered immoral or in violation of public decency that has no specific victim, such as public drunkennes, vagrancy, or public nudity |
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| The movement to remove as many offenders as possible from secure confinement and treat them in the community |
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Definition
| Informal, community-based treatment programs that are used in lieu of the formal criminal process |
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Definition
| Enmeshing more offenders for longer periods in the criminal justice system- a criticism of pretrial diversion programs |
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Definition
| The view that the purpose of justice is to restore offenders back into society through reconciliation rather than punishment |
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Definition
| Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents |
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Definition
| Illegal behavior that targets the security of computer systems and/or the data accessed and processed by computer networks |
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Definition
| Internet attacks against an enemy nation's technological infrastructure |
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Term
| Director of National Intelligence (DNI) |
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Definition
| Government official charged with coordinating data from the nation's primary intelligence-gathering agencies |
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Term
| Department of Homeland Security (DHS) |
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Definition
| Federal agency responsible for preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing the nation's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do occur |
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Definition
| The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in order to develop a global economy |
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Definition
| Extorting money from an internet service user by threatening to prevent the user from having access to the service |
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Definition
| The efforts of organized groups to download and sell copyrighted software in violation of its license |
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Definition
| Illegally buying or selling merchandise on the internet |
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Definition
| Using the internet to steal someone's identity and/or impersonate the victim in order to conduct illicit transactions such as committing fraud using the victim's name and identity |
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Definition
| Criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group targeted because of their racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristics |
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Definition
| Behaviors considered illegal because they run counter to existing moreal standards. Obscenity and prostitution are examples. |
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| Crimes that involve the violation of rules that control business enterprise. Can include bribery, mail fraud, computer fraud, embezzlement, extortion, etc. |
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Definition
| Crimes committed by a corporation or by individuals who control the corporation or other business entity for such purposes as illegally increasing market share, avoiding taxes, or thwarting competition |
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Term
| Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) |
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Definition
| The official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments |
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Definition
| An offense is cleared by arrest or solved when at least one person is arrested or charged with the commission of the offense and is turned over to the court for prosecution |
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Term
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Definition
| A research approach that questions large groups of subjects, typically high school students, about their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts |
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Definition
| Criminal acts intended to improve the financial or social position of the criminal |
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Definition
| Criminal acts that serve to vent rage or frustration |
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Definition
| The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men |
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Definition
| The idea that female defendants are treated more leniently in sentencing (and are less likely to be arrested and prosecuted in the first place) because the criminal justice system is dominated by men who have a paternalistic or protective attitude toward women |
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Definition
| An ideology holding that women suffer oppression, discrimination, and disadvantage as a result of their sex and calling for gender equality in pay, opportunity, child care, and opportunity |
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Definition
| The view that young minority males are subject to greater police control- e.g. formal arrest- when their numbers increase within the population |
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Definition
| Persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around crime |
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Definition
| Delinquents who are arrested 5 or more times before the age of 18 and who commit a disproportionate amount of all criminal offenses |
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Definition
| Sentencing codes which require that an offender receive a life sentence after conviction for a third felony |
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