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| The body of rules that defines crime, set out their punishment, and mandates the procedures for carrying out the crimnal justice process. |
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| A body of specific rules that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct. |
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| The rules and laws that deine the operation of the criminal proceeding. Procedural law describes the methods that must be followed in obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders and reviewing cases by appellate courts. |
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| All law that is not criminal, including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law. |
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| The law of personnel injuries. |
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| To stand by decided cases- the legal prinicple by which the decision or holding in an earlier case becomes the standard by which subsequent similar cases are judged. |
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| In common law, offenses that are from their own nature evil, immoral, and wrong. Mala In Se offenses include murder, theft, and arson. |
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| Law that retroacvtively punish people |
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| An illegal act, or failure to act, when legally required. |
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| A guilty mind. The intent to commit a criminal act. |
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| Liablility that can occer when a person's careless and inattentive actions cause harm. |
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| Public safety or strict liability crime |
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| A criminal violation usually one that endangers the public welfare-that is defines by the act itself, irrespective of intent. |
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| A defense in which a person states that his or her mental state was so impaired that he or she lacked the capacity to form sufficient intent to be held criminally responsible. |
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| A defense for a criminal act claiming the criminal act was reasonable or necessary under the circumstances. |
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| Criminal acts defined by a high level of noncompliance with the stated legal standard, an absence of stigma associated with violation of the stated standard, and a low level of law enforcement or public sanction. |
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| The willful, malicous, and repeated following, harassing, or contacting of another person. It become a criminal act when it causes the victom to feel fear for his or her safety or the safety of others. |
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| Helping people take their own lives: assisted suicide. |
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| According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both a minority group member and law enforcements officers. |
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The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society. |
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| The belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personnel needs and selfishness. |
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| The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to a hard charging crime fighter. |
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| The use of personel decision making and choice in carrying out operation in the criminal justice system. |
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| Low-visibility decision making |
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| Decision making by police officers that is not subject to administrative review- for example, when a decision if made not to arrest someone or not to stop a speeding vehicle. |
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| The theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload increases, less time and attention can be devoted to new cases, especially petty crimes. |
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| The way in which a person outwardly manifest his or her personality. |
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| Actions such as the use of abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightstick, and stopping and searching people to harass them. |
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| Police killing of a suspect who resists arrests or present a danger to an officer or the community. |
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| A public body that condeucted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970 and uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes. |
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| A term used to describe a police office who actively solicite bribes and vigorously engages in corrupt practices. |
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| A term used for a police officer who accepts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be solicited by the public. |
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| An investigation unit set up to inquire into police corruption in New York City in the 1990's. |
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| A system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command. |
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| The requirement that a search warrant states precisely where the search is to take place and what items are to be seized. |
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| The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the insurance of an arrest or search warrant. A set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an offense was committed and that the occused committed that offense. |
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| Testimony that is not firsthand but relates information told by a second party. |
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| Emergency or immediate circumstances. |
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| A legal doctrine that allows police to search premises where they suspect a crime has been committed without a warrant when delay would endanger their lives or the lives of others and lead to the escape of the alleged perpetrator. |
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| A term used to describe a stop and frisk |
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| The situation in which police officers who are suspicous of an individual run their hands slightly over the suspects outer garments to determine if the person is carrying a concealed weapon, also called a threshold inquiry or pat-down. (done for the protection of the officers) |
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| Search incident to a lawful arrest |
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| An exception to the search warant rule, limited to the immediate surrounding area. |
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| Police investigation technique in which officers board a bus or train without suspicious of illegal activity and question passengers, asking for identification and seeking permission to search their baggage. |
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| The principle that evidence in plain view of police officers may be siezed without a search warrant. |
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| Grounds or fields attached to a house. Not another structure, must be attached to house. |
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| The principle that a suspect can be questioned in the field without a Miranda warning if the information the police seek is needed to protest public safety. |
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| The administrative record of an arrest, listing the offenders name, address, physical description, date of birth, employer, time of arrest, offense, and name of arresting officer; it also includes photographing and finger printing of the offender. |
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| Placing a suspect in a group for the purpose of his or her being viewed and identified by a witness. |
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| The principle that prohibits using illegally obtained evidence in a trial. |
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| The principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was techiniccaly faulty, as long as the police acted in good faith when they sought the warrant from a judge. |
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| Inevitable Discovery Rule |
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Definition
| The principle that evidence can be used in court evn thought the information that led to its discovery was obtained in violation of the Miranda rule if a judge finds it would have been discovered anyway by other means or sources. |
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What commission appointed by President Herbert Hoover, made a detailed analysis of the U.S. justice system and helped usher in the era of treatment and rehabilitation? (Chicago Crime Commission, American Bar Foundation Commission, Wickersham Commission, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice) |
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The use of the term criminal justice system reflected a view that justice agencies could be connected in an intricate yet often unobserved network of decision-making processes. When was the term criminal justice system first used? (After the findings of the...Chicago Crime Commission, American Bar Foundation project, Wickersham Commission, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice) |
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| After the findings of the American Bar Foundation project. |
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The criminal justice system is vast, employing more than 2.4 million people and costing federal, state and local goverments: (About $75 million, $150 million, $75 billion, $150 billion) |
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| about $150 billion per year. |
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Which element is not characteristics of the courtroom work group discussed in the text? (Shared norms, socialization, reward and sanction, and conflict) |
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Which justice perspective holds that the proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through the judicious use of criminal sanctions, and demand an efficient system that hands out tough sanctions to those who violate the law? (Crime control, rehabilitation, due process, justice) |
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Which of the following justice perspective holds that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of committing a crime? (crime control, rehabilitation, due process, justice) |
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Truth-in-sentencing laws are an aspect of which justice system perspective? (Crime Control, Due Process, Justice, Rehabilitation) |
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Which of the following occurred as a result of the terrorist attack of September 11th, 2001? |
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Definition
All of these (A realignment of the Federal Bureau of investigstions, The creation of a director of National Intelligence, and The creation of the Department of Homeland Security) |
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Phishing is a type of: (Etailing Fraud, Identity Theft Cyber Espionage, Security Fraud) |
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Ethical issues surface in all parts of the justice system. Why are ethical standards so important in criminal justice? |
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Definition
| Ethical standards are important in the justice system for all these reasons. |
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Which of the following is not a term for a killer with multiple victims? (Mass Murderer, Spree Killer, Revenge Killer, Serial Killer) |
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Which of the following is considered the most widely cited source of criminal statistics? (National Crime Victimization Surveys, National Indicators of Drug Abuse, Uniform Crime Report, Bureau of Justice Statistics) |
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Which of the following is an index crime? (Kidnapping, Simple Assault, Motor Vehicle Theft, Forgery) |
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Which of the following is the redesigned variation on the Uniform Crime Report that focuses on an expanded list of 22 crimes, including emerging issues such as hate or bias crimes? |
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Definition
| National Incident-Based Reporting System |
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Which data source relies on a multi-stage sample of housing units to collect information about citizen's encounter with criminals? |
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Definition
| National Crime Victimization Survey |
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Which type of study provides the best measure of unreported crimes? (Official records, Prison data, Self-report studies, Victimization surveys) |
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Self-report surveys are conducted most often on which of the following groups? (Juveniles, Death row inmates, Prisoners, Police Officers) |
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Which of the following is not positively correlated with a higher rate of crime in a population? (A greater number of: Hours spent watching TV, Unwed mothers, A greater portion of: people in prison, young males) |
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| A greater proportion of people in prision |
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In which season of the year does the greatest number of reported crimes occur? |
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Which of the following is considered to be an expressive crime? (Embezzlement, Arson, Burglary, Assault) |
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Those who are unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means may resort to what type of crime in response? (Expressive Crime, Relative deprivation crime, Insturmental Crime, Transitory Crime) |
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Which of the following theories posits that a few "masculine" females are responsible for the handful of crimes women commit? (Masculinity hypothesis, Globalization hypothesis, Chivalry hypothesis, Due Process perspective) |
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Proponents of choice theory argue that criminals commit crimes based on: (Free will, Intelligence, Peer Pressure, A drive to succeed) |
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Which philosophy of punishment advocates severely punishing an offender in an attempt to convince them to permanently cease committing criminal acts? (Specific deterrence, Rehabilitation, Incapacitation, General deterrence) |
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Definition
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| Target hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention tactic? |
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Definition
| Increasing the effort needed to commit the crime |
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Who is credited with the creation of psychodynamic theory? (Freud, Jung, Lewis, Trevanian) |
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The origins of sociology criminology are usually traced to the pioneering work of: (Edwin Durkheim, Robert Merton, Emile Durkheim, Travis Hirschi) |
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Which of the following was not one of the models of adaptation that Robert Merton produced as part of his explanation of how anomie can lead to crime? (Innovation, Rebellion, Retreatism, Toughness) |
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The concept of crime is a result of the rich and powerful's imposition of their own moral standards and economic interests on the rest of society, according to the view of: (Social Control Theorists, Critical Criminologist, Latent Trait Theorists, Social Learning Theorists) |
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Which type of criminologist would call for universal social justice as a way to reduce crime? (Peacemaking, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Left Realist) |
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Which of the following is not a type of developmental theory? (Age-graded, Life Course, Latent Trait, Social Strain) |
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In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that differences between individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts stem from: |
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Definition
| Their level of self control |
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According to Sampson and Laub, what are the two most critical turning points in a criminal career? (Marriage and employement, employement and imployement, children and imprisonment, victimization and social bonds) |
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Definition
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| What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization? |
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Definition
| Crime is not a random event and the probability of a crime occuring is dependent on the activities of the victim. |
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The crime rate is higher today than it was in the 19th and early 20th centuries. |
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| In the 1950's, the American Bar Foundation project discovered that the justice system contained many procedures that were previously hidden from public view. |
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| An arrest warrant must be based on probable cause that the person to be arrested has committed a crime. |
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| Less serious felonies make up the bottom layer of the criminal justice system wedding cake. |
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| The federal agency responsible for preventing terrorist attacks within the United States is the National Security Council (NSC). |
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| Apparent increases in crime rate in the UCR may actually reflect changes in the way the police record their data. |
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| The National Crime Victimization Survey found that less than half of all violent crimes are reported to the police. |
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| The field of criminology is not concered with the control of criminal behavior, only its causes. |
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| Reducing the rewards for committing crime is one hallmark of the situational crime prevention approach. |
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| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder falls under the heading of psychodynamic theory. |
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| A child experiences disinhibition when they view adults being rewarded for violence and thereby see violence as socially acceptable. |
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| Negative affective states is a concept associated with Robert Agnew's general strain theory. |
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| According to Hirschi's social control theory, belief is a key element of the social bond. |
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