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| Developed by Alphonse in the late 19th century, the study and comparison of body measurements as a means of criminal identifications |
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| A colloquial term used in reference to British police constables; derived by the public from the first name of Sir Robert Peel, whose efforts led to the creation of the first metropolitan police force in London. |
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| Established by Henry Fielding in 1748, a group of volunteer, nonuniformed home owners who helped catch thieves in London by rushing to the scenes and beginning investigations, thus acting as the first modern detective force. By 1785, some were paid government detectives |
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| The application of scientific disciplines, such as geology, physics, chemistry, Biology and mathematics, to criminal investigation and study of Physical evidence. |
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| The study and comparison of fingerprints as a means of criminal identification; first used systematically for that purpose in England in 1900, but a means of identification since the first century. |
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| Teo rape-murder cases in England that involved the first use of DNA typing, in 1987, in a criminal case. DNA samples recovered from both victims led to the release of an innocent man and the subsequent arrest and conviction of the killer. |
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| Devised by Edward Henry, the fingerprint classification system that facilitated the use of fingerprints in criminal identification; adopted in England in 1900 and today used in almost every country. |
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| An act of Parliament that created the London Metro Police, the first centralized, professional police force in Britain, which soon became the international model of professional policing. |
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| Mulberry Street Morning Parade |
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| Instituted by chief detective Thomas Byrnes in New York City in the late 1800s, an innovative approach to criminal identification in which all new arrestees were marches each morning before detectives so that the detectives could make notes and later recognize the criminals. |
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| National Crime Information Center |
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| The FBI's online system of extensive database on criminals and crime; available to Federal, State, and local agencies. |
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| A 1992 murder case in Phoenix Arizona in which DNA analysis of plant evidence was used for the first time in criminal proceedings to help secure a conviction. |
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| In early nineteenth-century England, a derogatory term used in reference to plainclothes detectives; coined by persons who feared that the use of such officers would reduce civil liberties. |
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| The original headquarters of the London Metropolitan police so-called because the building formerly housed Scottish royalty. Since 1890, the headquarters have been located elsewhere,but have been still know as new Scotland yard |
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| Agents of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Which enforced Prohibition), so-called because the bureau was part of the department of the Treasury. |
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| A 1903 incident in which 2 criminals with the same name, identical appearance, and nearly identical measurements were distinguished only by fingerprints, thus sighificantl advancing the use of fingerprints for identification in the us. |
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| A sworn,written statement of the information known to an officer that serves as the basis for the issuance of an arrest current or a search warrant |
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| The process of taking a person into legal custody to answer a criminal charge. |
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| A judicial order commanding that a particular person be arrested and brought before a court to answer a criminal charge |
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| The act of formally asserting that a particular person is to be prosecuted for a crime |
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| A temporary and limited interference with a person's freedom for investigative purpose. AKA investigative detention, street stop, and field interrogation |
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| The title of clauses appearing in both the 5th and 14th amendments to the constitution of the US |
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| An exception to requirement that law enforcement officers have a search warrant; occurs when there is a compelling need for official action and there is no time to get a warrant. |
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| Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine |
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| Evidence obtained from an unreasonable search and seizure cannot be used as the basis for learning about or collecting new admissible evidence not known about before. |
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| That branch of criminal law that defines what can and cannot be done with or to people. |
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| A condition in which an officer has suspicion about an individual and knowledge o facts and circumstances that would lead a resonance person to believe that a crime had been, is being, or is about to be, committed |
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| The process of looking at evidence of a crime. |
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| The process of looking for evidence of a crime and taking that evidence into the custody of a law enforcement agency |
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| Written authorization by a judge allowing law enforcement officers o look for specified place. |
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| a limited pat down of the outer layer of a person clothes by a law enforcement officer when the person is acting suspiciously and the officer, concerned about safety, seeks to determine if the person has a weapon. |
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| That Branch of criminal law dealing with the elements that describe and define a crime. |
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| A written record of the actions taken by the crime scene coordinator, including assignments and release of the scene. |
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| Alternative Light Systems |
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| Portable lasers and handheld ultraviolet lighting use to locate physical evidence at the crime scene; particularly helpful in locating trace evidence. |
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| Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) |
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Definition
| A federal law which establishes the workplace right of those with perceived or actual disabilities. |
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| Written reports completed by person assigned tasks at a crime scene that document what they have done and found. |
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| Bidirectional evidence that connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim, or connects the scene or victim to the perpetrator. |
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| Part of the preliminary investigation, a notification broadcast to officers that contain detailed information on suspects and their vehicles. |
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| The witnessed, unbroken, written chronological record of everyone who had an item of evidence and when each person had it; also accounts for any changes in the evidence. |
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| The classification assigned to an offense when the suspects has been arrested and there is sufficient evidence to file a formal charge. |
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| Evidence that substantiates elements whose commission or omission must be demonstrated to have occurred in order to prove a case |
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| The commission of any act that is prohibited, or the omission of any act that is required by the penal code of an organized political state. |
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| The location at which a crime was committed. |
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| Crime Scene Entry Log Sheet |
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Definition
| A written chronological record of all persons who enter and leave the crime scene and the times they do so, along with their reason for entering. |
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| The end of crime scene processing and the return of the premises or are to the owner or another responsible person; Determined by the scene coordinator. |
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| The thought process that moves from general premises to specific details-for example, anypothesis about the crime is developed and then tested against the actual situation to arrive at a conclusion. |
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| A chronological record of each item of evidence, listing who collected it, where and when it was collected, who witnessed the collection and whether it was documented by photos or diagrams. |
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| The classification assigned to an offense when a factor external to the investigation results in no charge being filed against a known suspect. |
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| A serious violation of the criminal code; punishable by imprisonment for one or more years or by death |
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| The shorthand written record made by a police officer from the time he or she arrives at a crime scene until the assignment is completed. |
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| The process of gathering information after the generaliztion of the incident report and intil the case is ready for prosecution; undertaken for cases receiving a supervisory disposition for the further investigation |
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| The first written investigative record of a crime , usually compiled by the uniformed officer assigned to the call, who conducts the preliminary investigation. |
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| The thought that moves from specific details to a general view; e.g.the facts of a case are used to arrive at a logical explanation of the crime. |
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| An official who gathers,documents and evaluates evidence and information in the investigation of a crime |
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| In the context of criminal investigation it is the letter which accompanies physical evidence to the crime laboratory its elements include the identity and locator information of the submitting individual, the case facts, examinations requested and other related information. |
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| A written record or lifter-prints evidence that contains the same type of information as that listed in the evidence recovery log. |
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| The "large view" of a crime scene, including things such as locations, the victims body cars and buildings. |
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| Information released to the new media, must not prejudice the suspects right to a fair and impartial trial |
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| A crime scene viewed in terms of specific objects and pieces of evidence associated with the crime, such as knives, guns, hairs fibers and biological fluids. |
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| A violation of the criminal code that is less serious than a felony; often punishable by imprisonment for more than one year and/or a fine of no more than $500 |
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| Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) |
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Definition
| Equipment and clothing designed to protect individuals at high-risk crime scenes from injury and infection |
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| A written record listing the photographs taken at a crime scene and detailing who took them, where and when they were taken, and under what conditions. |
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| The primary means of documenting a crime scene. |
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| Preliminary Investigation |
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Definition
| The process undertaken by the first officer (usually a patrol officer) to arrive at the scene of a crime; includes assessment emergency care, scene control, a BOLO, scene determination, incident report and somethings evidence procedures. |
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| The location at which the initial offense was committed |
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| The locations of all events subsequent to, and connected with , the event at the primary scene |
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| Smooth or Finished Sketch |
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Definition
| A finished sketch of the crime scene, often drawn to scale using information contained in the rough sketch |
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| Evidence that is extremely small or microscopic in size or is present only in limited amounts. |
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| A vacuum which gathers small (even microscopic) evidences at the crime scene. Examples of evidence gathered by in include hairs and fibers |
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| Evidence that helps identify and locate the suspect |
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| In some states, this is a minor transgression of the law, often punishable by a fine of no more than $250 |
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Definition
| A person's acknowledgment of certain facts or circumstances that tent to incriminate him or her with respect to a crime but are not complete enough to constitute a confession. |
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| Briggers-Brathwaite Factors Test |
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Definition
| A test ;that balances the reliability of eyewitness identification with corrupting effect of the identification procedure |
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Definition
| Gestures, demeanor, facial expressions and other nonverbal signals that convey,usually involuntarily, a person's attitudes, impressions, truthfulness, and so on. |
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| Cognitive Interview Technique |
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Definition
| An interviewing approach in which a witness is asked to recall events and details in different ways as a means of fostering the witness recollections. |
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Term
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Definition
| A witness's qualifications for testifying in court, which depends on circumstances that affect the person's legal ability to function as a sworn witness (e.g. age, mental state) |
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| Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) |
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Definition
| A method of lie detection originally developed in 1998 by the NITV. By 2004, some 1,400 agencies were using it instead of the polygraph. The CVSA notes microvariations in the audible and non-audible portions of speech to identify deception. The CVSA is presently the first significant challenge to the dominance of the polygraph in 85 years. |
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Definition
| The acknowledgment by a person acused of a crime that he or she is guilty of that crime and committed every element of the offense; must exclude any reasonable doubt about the possibility of innocence. |
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Definition
| That quality of a witness that renders his or her testimony worth of belief; established in terms of presence, consciousness and attentiveness during interviews. |
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| Delay-in-Arraignment Rule |
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Definition
| Based on a 1943 Supreme Court deicision, the principle that the failure to take a prisoner before a committing magistrate without unnecessary delay will render his or her confession inadmissible even if it was freely obtained. |
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Definition
| An interrogation technique in which the interrogator appeals to the suspect's sense of honor, morals, family pride, religion and so on; Works better with women and first-time offenders. |
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| Eyewitness Identification |
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Definition
| The identification of someone or something involved in a crime by a witness who perceives the person or thing through one or more senses. |
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| Based on a number of supreme court decision since 1936, the principle that the exertion of any kind of coercion, physical or psychological, on a suspect to obtain a confession will render the confession inadmissible. |
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| The legal condition under which the Miranda warnings are required, although case decisions vary on definitions of "custody" and "interrogation" |
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| A converstation between an investigator and a suspect that is designed to match acquired information to the suspect and secure a confession. |
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Definition
| The process of obtaining information from people who have knowledge that might be helpful in a criminal investigation. |
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| The relationship between body language (limb movements, facial expression, and so on)and the communication of feeling and attitudes. |
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| The 1966 case in which the Supreme Court established that law enforcement officers must advise a person of his or her constitutional rights before beginning an in-custody interrogation. |
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