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| any act that breaks the law and can lead to official punishment |
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| Any act that breaks social norms |
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| Any act that is deviant in a particular social situation. |
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| does not produce a monetry reward E.G. Vandalism |
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| Lack of educational sucess. The theory that educational success is significantly affected by the access a child has to cultural resources in the home, such as more challenging books, classical music and art. This argument is similar to Boudieu's notion of 'cultural capital'. |
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| Lower classes frustrates with their position in society |
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| Alternative sets of norms and values, usually lower class adolescents. |
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| David Matza. The term used to describe the fact that we will all 'drift' in and out of crime. |
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| A crime that produces a monetry reward |
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| Crime that is committed by large companies, not the individuals. |
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| Crimes commited by persons of high social status and respectability in the course of their opporations. |
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| Common type of Fraud. Shares of company are bought by individuals who know that the company is about to be the subject of a take over bid. |
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| Outline HIRSCHI's ideas about the relationship between crime levels and social bonds. |
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Definition
Believed that crime was related to four things.
1)Attachment
2)Commitment
3)Involvement
4)Belief
He argued that crime levels are linked to the degree of strong social bonds. |
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| Control Theory-Definition |
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Definition
| The assumtion that human are not naturally wicked or prone to crime, nor are they naturally virtuous and prone to conformity. instead, humans are essentionally rationally and they will turn tocrime when the advantages seem to outweight the disadvantanges and are more appealing than the likely rewards of conformity. |
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| relationship between crime and social control. he argued that during rapid social change, there was low social integration, anomie, thus weak social control and higher rates of crime and deviance. HIRSCHI developed this idea |
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| Delinquent Subculture (Cohen) |
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Definition
| Stop looking at the goals of mainstream society - join similar peple - find other ways of gaining sucess * They reverse and reject mainstream culture |
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| Pschological Theories of Crime |
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Definition
| Moir & Jessel LOW LEVELS OF SEROTIN have a role in: - toning down how people behave - inhibts impulsive & Anto-social behaviour - leads to ADD in children M&J- damage to the frontal lobes of the brain can lead to agressive and impulsive personality disorders---> more prone to criminal behaviour. |
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| 2 CRITS ABOUT MERTONS THEORY |
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| 1. Delinquency is a collective rather than an individual response - individuals join a collective response 2. Merton fails to account for non-utilitarian crimes such as Vandalism, Joyriding |
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| Four bonds that bind us together |
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Definition
| 1- Attachment 2- Commitment 3- Involvment 4- Belief |
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| Providing the opportunity for a career in crime. There needed to be a stable, cohesive working class community with contacts in both the mainstream and illegal communities, successful role models for the young, and a career structure for aspiring criminals. |
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| David Matza's crits of other Sociologists....... |
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Definition
| They make deviants appear more distinctive than they really are - present on an over-deterministic view of deviance - Matza believes this ignores choice and alternative which are always avalible for human action. |
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| Physioloical Theories of Crime |
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Definition
| Lombroso (1876) (Stocky & Rounded) These types tend to be more agressive ad active than other body types, therefore are more prone to crime. |
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| Cloward & Ohlin- Conflict Subculture |
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Definition
| Emerge in areas where adolscents have little oppurtuinty for acess to illegitimate oppurtuinty structre |
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| Cloward & Ohlin- Criminal Subculture |
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Definition
| The Youn are exposed to criminal role models, deviant values & criminal skills. |
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| Alternative explanations for Devience (Matza) |
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Definition
| * Delinquents commit to the same norms and values as members of society - Society has a strong hold on them - Delinquents are part time law breakers - Delinquents feel remorse for their actions |
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| 1. Toughness- concerns with mass culinty & physical threat and its rejecying timidy and weakness. 'Reputation' 2. Smartness- capacity to act smart or con another, expressed as the 'conman' 3. Excitment- Involves search for motional Stimilus eg.Alcohol, Gambaling, Sex |
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| Being the one that takes the double failures, those who don't make it in crime or violence. The failures retreat into drugs and petty theft. |
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| Existing if the criminal subculture is absent. If no criminal career is available to young males they may turn their frustration at failure in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures into violence. |
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| Adolescents feel powerless; people pushing them around & telling them what to do. - To overcome this they need to rstore their 'mood of humanism' |
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| 'A certain amount of crime is necassary for a society to function' |
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| 5 Techniques of Neutralisation... |
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Definition
| 1) Denial of Responsibilty- not admitting to hat they have done 2) Denial the act was wrong- an assualt on a person that 'does something wrong' eg. attack on a homeosexual, wasn' wrong but a favour to society 3) Denial of Injury- no-one got hurt and it was just a bit of fun.Eg. Joy riding 4) Condemenation of those who enforce the rules- Police are seen as corrupt and teachers as unjust & hypocritical 5) Appeal to higher loyalities- the law was broken to help a member of the family or a friend |
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| Famous concept of Durkheim |
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Definition
| ANOMIE- in times of great social change/stress, the collective conscience may be weakened. |
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| Durkheim- Collective Conscience |
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Definition
| A set of shared values that forms the basis of society Problems- The boundries change over time, the limited amount of cime that Durkhiem refers to is what helps to clarify the boundries |
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| David Matza's Subterreanen Values... |
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Definition
| Encourages enjoying yourself, acting on the spur of the moment, self exression, eing agressive and seeking excitment Deviant behvaiour--> These values are shown in the wrong place at the wrong time |
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| 5 responses to cultural goals... |
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Definition
| 1. Conformity 2. Innovation 3. Ritualism 4. Retreatism 5. Rebellion |
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| Cloward & Ohlin- Retreatist Subculture |
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Definition
| Double failures- failed in legitimate means and in illegitmate structure |
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Term
| 3 positive aspects of crime |
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Definition
| 1) Re-affiming the boundries- when a person breaks he law and goes to courts, the publicity of this helps to re-affirm the boundries 2) Changing Values- A person is taken to court for a crime, sympathy is felt which leads to a change in the law. Eg. Cannabis use 3) Social Cohesion- When a horrific crime is committed, it brings the society together.Eg. 9/11 attacks on America and 7/7 attack on London |
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| When ANOMIE exists crime rates increase and the stuation can be bought under control by reimposing the collective values |
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| Wish to feel like a victim & to prove they are human too who can inluence events around them |
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