Term
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Definition
| Cues that help determine if a certain behavior will be reinforced or punished. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theorist behind Operant Conditioning |
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Term
| Sutherland's Most Important Proposition |
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Definition
| A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed Differential Association. He was influenced by events in the 1920’s and 1930’s. He relied on Chicago School research methods. He published "The Professional Thief" and "Principles of Criminology" in 1924. |
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Term
| Theories that Influenced Differential Association |
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Definition
1. Ecological and cultural Transmission Theory
2. Symbolic Interactionism
3. Culture Conflict Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Used Symbolic Interactionism to extend Differential Association to account for solitary crimes through a "vocabulary of motives." |
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Term
| Schedule of Consequences/Reinforcements |
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Definition
| The probability that a punishment or reinforcement will occur and how quickly it will occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rooted in behavioral psychology. |
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Term
| Differential Identification |
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Definition
| Developed by Glaser, it combined differential association and symbolic interaction. It added an emphasis on association with groups and emulation of others through the media. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Developed by Jeffery, it stated that behavior can be predicted by a persons conditions and their past exp. with reinforcements/punishments, behavior can also be learned indirectly. It also stated that material gains are the most important reinforcements. |
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Term
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Definition
| People will be less conditioned by something that they have an excess of. |
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Term
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Definition
| People will be more conditioned by something that they don't have. |
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Term
| Social Learning Theory vs. Differential Association |
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Definition
| Social Learning Theory believes that people can learn from other people whom they have no real interaction with. |
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Term
| Theories that Influenced Social Learning |
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Definition
1. Differential Association Theory
2. Operant Conditioning Theories
3. Symbolic Interactionism |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviance occurs when an individual doesn’t use accepted methods of obtaining the goals set by society. |
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Term
| Durkheim Views on Suicide |
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Definition
| He believed suicide rates were shaped like a 'U' and were high when anomie was high (because more people were going through turbulent times) and when anomie was low (because people going through turbulent times felt like they were the only ones.) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Conform (people who earn things the tradition way.)
2. Innovate (people who come up with a new way to earn things they want.)
3. Ritualism (people who will work even though they know they won’t ever earn things.)
4. Retreatism (people who aren’t trying to earn anything.) |
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Term
| Durkheim Views on Society |
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Definition
| He believed that society had become too complicated, interdependent and deregulated. |
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Term
| General Strain Theory (GST) |
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Definition
| Developed by Agnew, it reasoned that the inability to achieve socially ascribed goals caused people to commit crime to cope with their inability or to strike back against those who caused the 'strain'. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strains that are disliked by most people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strains that are disliked by a particular individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strains that are actually experienced by people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strain that is experienced by those around you. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strains due to the belief that strain will occur or continue. |
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Term
| Which strains are most likely to cause crime? |
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Definition
1. Strains that are high magnitude.
2. Strains that are perceived as unjust.
3. Strains that accompany low social-control.
4. Strains that creates pressure or incentive to crime.
5. Multiple strains. |
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Term
| What personality traits are associated with low emotionality? |
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Definition
1. Short-temper
2. Act without thinking
3. Risky behavior
4. Reject social norms
5. Little concern for others |
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Term
| Why do some people use crime as a coping mechanism? |
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Definition
| PPBALL 1. Lack the ability to cope legally 2. Low cost of crime 3. Predisposed to crime 4. Personality traits 5. Belief that crime is okay 6. Association with other criminals |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed the first idea of labeling in 1938. He believed that evil was being dramatized and that deviants aren’t people who are maladjusted to society but people who have adjusted to another group. He believed these deviants are ‘tagged’ as deviant and eventually people respond to the tag more that person. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary scholar behind the current labeling theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of deviant behavior according to the labeling theory, this person is labeled a deviant who hasn’t actually done anything deviant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of deviant behavior according to the labeling theory, this person is labeled a deviant and has done deviant acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of deviant behavior according to the labeling theory, this person is not labeled a deviant and hasn’t done anything deviant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of deviant behavior according to the labeling theory, this person isn't labeled a deviant but has done deviant acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deviant act that led to the label. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deviant acts that occur as a result of the label. |
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