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| The ideal that all humans will naturally do what is the easiest and most pleasurable for them. |
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| The ideal that human behavior will naturally favor the greatest good for the greatest number. |
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| The reappearance of past genetic features that evolution had left behind. |
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| Swiftness *Beccaria believed celerity was the most important element of punishment* |
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| The study of the shape and texture of the human skull. |
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| Body-types that could predict future action |
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| A somatype that was lean, muscular, tall, agile and limber and aggressively extroverted. *Criminals* |
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| A somatype that was large but not strong, jovial yet lazy and extroverted. |
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| A somatype that was thin, small, shy and introverted. |
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| Where society comes together and agrees not to kill each other. People give up only enough of their liberties to guarantee their safety. |
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| Different cultures hold different definitions of deviance. |
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| A good force vs. an evil force. Sometimes good wins, sometimes bad wins. When someone behaves badly, it just means that evil has won in this particular instance. |
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| You are either born good or bad and nothing can be done to change that. |
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| Looking at society and culture for an explanation. |
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| Believed that crimes should be written down and accessible by everyone. |
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| The father of criminology. Believed that criminals where physically different and that they were genetic "throw-backs." Developed the idea of a habitual criminal. |
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| A student of Lombroso's. Developed the idea of a crime of passion. He believed that crimes could be predicted by physical features, anthropological evidence, psychological and social factors. |
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| One of the first people to actually use statistics to predict crime. |
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| The first people to find and map crime data across Europe, looking at the specifics of the crimes. |
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| Developed the first IQ test and it found that criminals uniformly performed poorly on the test. |
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| Needless repetition of the same idea in different words. |
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| An example serving as a model. *Classical, Positivist, Critical* |
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| A theory involving a large group of people. |
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| A theory involving a small group or just one person. |
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| A theory based on the social environment controlling criminal behavior. |
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| A theory based on criminal behavior being learned. |
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| Moving from the specific to the general. |
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| Moving from the general to the specific. |
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| Elements of a Good Theory |
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| 1. Scope 2. Parsimony 3. Logical Soundness 4. Not tautological 5. Testable 6. Empirical Validity 7. Policy Implications. |
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| First-hand evidence observed by the senses. |
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| Good things will happen to good people and vice versa. |
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| Believed that human behavior stems from a desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. He made allowances for mitigating circumstances. |
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| A study that traced a family tree down from a “deviant father” and found deviance throughout the family line. |
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| A study that traced two common family trees, linked by a married solider who had a liaison with a barmaid. The study found that the side of the family tree of his wife and their children had no deviance but the side with the barmaid and their children had several instances of deviance. |
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| Developed the idea that cities are made up of zones that reflect criminality. |
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| Developed the term concentric zones and furthered the idea of zones of criminality spawning outward from cities. |
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| The theory that human behavior is the product of social symbols that are communicated from others and define them. Deviance results when these cues are misread or inappropriately defined by the group. |
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| Revitalized and expanded on Shaw and McKay's theory of concentric zones. They found that violence was high in areas where inequality between different races was high. |
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| The the social cohesion among neighbors for the common good. A lack of this restricted the neighborhood from using social control. |
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| The weakening of primary social relationships. |
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| The ideal that humans don't act on free will but are following a set source predetermined. |
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| The developers of phrenology. |
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| Helped develop the culture conflict theory. |
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| Performed adoptive twin studies. |
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| They proposed a theory of race and urban inequality to explain the disproportionate representation of African Americans as victims and offenders in violent crime. |
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| They are accredited with the revival of Shaw and McKays work. |
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