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Crim J 101 Final
Final
111
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 1
04/27/2013

Additional Criminal Justice Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Crimes in UCR part 1
Definition
Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary/breaking or entering, larceny/theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson
Term
UCR
Definition
Universal Crime Report, Official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments
Term
NCVS
Definition
National Crime Victimization Survey, The national primary source of information on criminal victimization.
Term
Wedding Cake Model
Definition
A view of the justice system that divides the criminal process into four layers. Celebrated cases, serious felonies, less erious felonies, and misdemeanors
Term
General Deterrence
Definition
A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties.
Term
Charge Bargaining
Definition
Negotiations between the prosecutor and the defense attorney about what charge will be reduced or dropped in order to determine what sentence will be imposed when the defendant pleads guilty
Term
Mens Rea
Definition
"Guilty mind" or blameworthy state of mind, necessary for legal responsibility for a criminal offense;criminal intent, as distinguished from innocent intent
Term
Nolle Prosequi
Definition
An entry, made by a prosecutor on the record of a case and announced in court, indicating that the charges specified will not be prosecuted. In effect, the charges are thereby dismissed
Term
Voir Dire
Definition
A questioning of prospective jurors to screen out people the attorneys think might be bias or otherwise incapable of delivering a fair verdict
Term
Sequestration
Definition
Procedural safeguard of law-judge orders the jury to not go have for the duration of the trial-usually stay in hotel, meals paid for by the state.
Term
Reasonable Doubt
Definition
The standard used by a jury to decide if the prosecution has provided enough evidence for conviction
Term
Gideon V Wainwright
Definition
Right to counsel(6th), Court's decision in this case required the states to furnish attorneys for poor defendants in all felony cases; Judge had denied his request for counsel and was forced to act as his own lawyer> he successfully appealed his conviction on the grounds that he had been denied due process because he did not have proper legal counsel during his trial
Term
Mirands V Arizona
Definition
US supreme court decision declaring that suspects in custody must be informed of their rights to remain silent and be represented during questioning
Term
Mapp V Ohio
Definition
Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; warren Court's judicial activism
Term
Terry V Ohio
Definition
Police may stop and frisk an individual who they reasonably suspect may be armed and dangerous, even if probable cause to arrests is not present
Term
Write of Certiorari
Definition
a document issued by the Supreme Court indicating that a court will review a decision made by a lower court
Term
Stare Decisis
Definition
A previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled.
Term
Eight Amendment
Definition
Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment
Term
Entrapment
Definition
Where a law enforcement official or one cooperating with a law enforcement official, induces defendant to commit a crminal act
Term
The Insanity Defense
Definition
Defendant may be found not guilty of an offense through insanity
Term
Curtilage
Definition
grounds or fields attached to a house
Term
Felony
Definition
A crime of a graver or more atrocious nature than those designated as misdemeanors
Term
Double Jeopardy
Definition
5th amendment right that a defendant can be charged and punished only once for a crime. If tried and found innocent, the defendant cannont be re-tried even if new evidence of his or her guilt is discovered
Term
FBI
Definition
One of the primary investigative agencies in the US, has Jurisdiction over 200 federal crimes
Term
Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment Findings
Definition
1. Variations in the elvel of patrol had no significant impact on crime and citizen feelings of safety
2. there were no significant changes in behavior or lifestyle becuase of perceived changes in police protection
3. Variations in the level of patrol did not affect attitudes toward the police.
Term
SARA Model
Definition
scanning, analysis, response, Assessment
Term
Tennessee v Garner
Definition
Deadly force can't be used against an unarmed and feeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers/others
Term
Stop and Frisk
Definition
Although probable cause is always necessary for a full-scale search or arrest, Scotus has held that certain types of less severe intrusions, such as on the street
Term
Indictment
Definition
A formal charge by a grand jury
Term
Arraignment
Definition
The first act in a criminal proceeding, in which the defendant is brought before a court to hear the charges against him or her and enter a plea of guilty or not guilty
Term
Bail
Definition
A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial
Term
Criminal Justice Funnel
Definition
Shows what happens to criminals as they through the system. The Majorirty of crimes are either unreported or cases are dropped.
Term
Courtroom work group
Definition
A term used to imply all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure
Term
Restorative Justice Perspective
Definition
A perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crimes. It stresses peacemaking, not punishment
Term
Due process perspective
Definition
The perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safegards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings
Term
Crime control Perspective
Definition
The perspective on crimina justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime
Term
Moral Entrepreneurs
Definition
People who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong
Term
Make Believe Families
Definition
In female prisons, Substitute family groups with a faux father, mother and siblings
Term
Violent Crime Trends since 1973
Definition
Went up, then went down in the 80's and then went up in the 90's and now are the lowest ever
Term
Clearance Rate
Definition
The percentage of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved through an arrest; a statistic used to measure a police department's productivity
Term
White Collar Crime
Definition
Crime involving deceit, corruption, or breach of trust, it includes crimes such as embezzlement and forgery.
Term
Serial Murder
Definition
Type of multiple killer who kills over a long period of time but typically assumes a normal identity between murders
Term
Substantive Criminal Law
Definition
A body of specific ruled that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct
Term
Procedural Criminal Laws
Definition
The methods that must be followed in obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders, and reviewing cases by appellate courts
Term
Misdemeanor
Definition
Lower than a felony and is generally punishable by fine or imprisonment otherwise than in a penitentiary
Term
Exclusionary Rule
Definition
In criminal procedure, a rule under which any evidence that is obtained in violation of the accused constitutional rights guaranteed by the 4,5,6th amendments, as well as any evidence derived from illegally obtained evidence, will not be admissible in court.
Term
Wickersham Commission
Definition
Formally known as the national commission on law observance and enforcement, a commission created in 1929 by President Hoover to study the US criminal justice system, including the police
Term
Community Oriented policing
Definition
Programs designed to bring police and public closer together and create a more cooperative environment between them
Term
Broken Windows Theory
Definition
Theory proposing that disorder leads to crime because criminals assume a neighborhood that tolerates disorder will also ignore criminal acts
Term
Policing Style
Definition
Working personalities adopted by police that can range from social worker in blue to crime fighter
Term
Jury Nullification
Definition
A jury's refusal to render a verdict according to the law and fact regardless of the evidence presented
Term
Meat eaters
Definition
officers who actively use their power for personal gain; make headlines when discovered
Term
Consent Search
Definition
warrantless search taken by the police if a person says its okay. 4th amendment rights waved initially
Term
Plain view doctrine
Definition
Officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be.
Term
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Definition
A court order requiring explanation to a judge why a prisoner is being held in custody
Term
Public Defender
Definition
An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer
Term
Presentence Investigation Report
Definition
Document that results from an investigation undertaken by a cour-authorized officer or agency, designed to provide information on the defendant so the judge can make an informed sentencing decision.
Term
Restitution
Definition
A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused
Term
Presumptive sentencing guidelines
Definition
A form of sentencing determination in which the legislature sets the penalties
Term
Sentencing Disparity
Definition
A situation in which those convicte dof simial crimes do not recieve similar sentences
Term
Restitution
Definition
A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Term
presumptive sentencing guidelines
Definition
a form of sentencing determination in which the legislature sets the penalties.
Term
Sentencing Disparity
Definition
A situation in which those convicted of similar crimes do not receive similar sentences.
Term
Principle of proportionality
Definition
the punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense.
Term
day fineday fine
Definition
a fine geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process
Term
Risk classification
Definition
classifying probationers so that they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control
Term
Probation
Definition
a sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the
form of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specified time.
Term
Forfeiture
Definition
The seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty
Term
Electronic Monitoring
Definition
Requiring convicted offenders to wear a monitoring device as part of their community sentence. Typically part of a house arrest
order, this enables the probation department to ensure that offenders are complying with court-ordered limitations on their freedom.
Term
angola prison farm
Definition
in louisiana. harshest sentences and no chance for parole.
Term
Recidivism
Definition
when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior
Term
Prisonization
Definition
The socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of the prison population
Term
reintegration
Definition
back into society from prison. Can often be harmful because prison culture is so different.
Term
Cruel and unusual punishment
Definition
physical punishment or punishment that far exceeds that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the
8th Amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in a fair and
nondiscriminatory fashion.
Term
Double Marginality
Definition
According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both minority group members and
law enforcement officers
Term
Hate Crime
Definition
A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin or sexual
orientation.
Term
Grand Jury
Definition
A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine to bring those persons to trial
Term
drug courier profile
Definition
-the courts have allowed police to use this to help establish probable cause for arrest
-based on commonly held notions concerning: age, race, personal appearance, behavior and mannerisms of drug couriers
-used to provide basis to stop and question a person
Term
ROR (Release on Recognizance)
Definition
A pretrial release in which a defendant with ties to the community is not required to post bail but promises to appear at all
subsequent proceedings
Term
Victim Impact Statement
Definition
A post-conviction statement by the victim of a crime or the victim's family that may be used to guide sentencing decisions.
Term
Incapacitation
Definition
The policy of keeping dangerous criminals in confinement to eliminate the risk of their repeating their offense in society.
Term
Net Widening
Definition
Process in which new sentencing options increase instead of reduce control over offenders' lives
Term
Auburn system
Definition
A system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work
duty and meals, but in total silence.
Term
concurrent sentence
Definition
sentences for two or more criminal acts served simultaneously and run together.
Term
Jail House Informant
Definition
who report hearsay (admissions against penal interest) which they claim to have heard while the accused is in pretrial detention,
usually in exchange for sentence reductions or other inducements, have been the focus of particular controversy
Term
parole
Definition
The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration under supervision after a part of the prison sentence has been served.
Term
Intermediate Sanctions
Definition
the group of punishments falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction, including house arrest and intensive
supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Term
conjugal visit program
Definition
Allows an inmate a private extended visit with a partner or spouse.
Term
boot camp
Definition
A short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to
develop discipline and respect for authority. Also referred to as shock incarceration.
Term
supermax prison
Definition
highest level of prison security. Houses the worst inmates. 23 hour lockdown.
Term
brutilization effect
Definition
the belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere that enhances, rather than reduces, the level of violence in society.
Term
Criminal Responsibility
Definition
The age at which someone can have full responsibility for their actions against society and the criminal justice system
Term
Grass Eaters
Definition
Describes a police officer who attempts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be soliced by the public.
Getting free coffee- all the time.
Term
Jury instruction
Definition
the judge will tell the jury members of the principles of law that ought to guide and control their decision on the defendants innocence
or guilt. Included in the charge will be information about the element of the alleged offense, the type of evidence needed to prove
each element, and the burden of proof that must be met to obtain a guilty verdict.
Term
Criminal Defenses
Definition
ignorance or mistake, insanity, intoxication, age, entrapment
Term
adversary process
Definition
Through the adversary process, each side in a dispute has the right to present its case as persuasively as possible,
Term
specific deterrence
Definition
a crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince a convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity
Term
complaint
Definition
a sworn written statement addressed to a court or judge by the police, prosecutor, or individual alleging that an individual has committed an offense and requesting indictment and prosecution
Term
United States v Leon
Definition
the principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty
Term
public order crimes
Definition
behaviors that are illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards. Obscenity and prostitution are considered public order crimes
Term
defensible space
Definition
Oscar Newman encompasses ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety.
Term
strict liability crimes
Definition
A criminal violation – usually one that endangers the public welfare – that is defined by the act itself, irrespective of intent
Term
fourth amendment
Definition
guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause
Term
fifth amendment
Definition
protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure
Term
incorporation doctrine
Definition
- that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Bill of Rights applicable to state law as well as federal law.
Term
sixth amendment
Definition
sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions
Term
Blue curtain
Definition
the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society
Term
jury nullification
Definition
a jury’s refusal to render a verdict according to the law and fact regardless of the evidence presented
Term
good faith exception
Definition
the principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty
Term
nolo contendere
Definition
a plea of “no contest” the defendant submits a to sentencing without any formal admission of guilt that could be used against him or her in a subsequent civil suit
Term
total institutions
Definition
a regimented, dehumanizing institution, such as a prison, in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation, cut off from the world at large.
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