Term
|
Definition
| Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary/breaking or entering, larceny/theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Universal Crime Report, Official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Crime Victimization Survey, The national primary source of information on criminal victimization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A view of the justice system that divides the criminal process into four layers. Celebrated cases, serious felonies, less erious felonies, and misdemeanors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negotiations between the prosecutor and the defense attorney about what charge will be reduced or dropped in order to determine what sentence will be imposed when the defendant pleads guilty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Guilty mind" or blameworthy state of mind, necessary for legal responsibility for a criminal offense;criminal intent, as distinguished from innocent intent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An entry, made by a prosecutor on the record of a case and announced in court, indicating that the charges specified will not be prosecuted. In effect, the charges are thereby dismissed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A questioning of prospective jurors to screen out people the attorneys think might be bias or otherwise incapable of delivering a fair verdict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedural safeguard of law-judge orders the jury to not go have for the duration of the trial-usually stay in hotel, meals paid for by the state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The standard used by a jury to decide if the prosecution has provided enough evidence for conviction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right to counsel(6th), Court's decision in this case required the states to furnish attorneys for poor defendants in all felony cases; Judge had denied his request for counsel and was forced to act as his own lawyer> he successfully appealed his conviction on the grounds that he had been denied due process because he did not have proper legal counsel during his trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US supreme court decision declaring that suspects in custody must be informed of their rights to remain silent and be represented during questioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; warren Court's judicial activism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Police may stop and frisk an individual who they reasonably suspect may be armed and dangerous, even if probable cause to arrests is not present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a document issued by the Supreme Court indicating that a court will review a decision made by a lower court |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where a law enforcement official or one cooperating with a law enforcement official, induces defendant to commit a crminal act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defendant may be found not guilty of an offense through insanity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grounds or fields attached to a house |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A crime of a graver or more atrocious nature than those designated as misdemeanors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5th amendment right that a defendant can be charged and punished only once for a crime. If tried and found innocent, the defendant cannont be re-tried even if new evidence of his or her guilt is discovered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the primary investigative agencies in the US, has Jurisdiction over 200 federal crimes |
|
|
Term
| Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment Findings |
|
Definition
1. Variations in the elvel of patrol had no significant impact on crime and citizen feelings of safety
2. there were no significant changes in behavior or lifestyle becuase of perceived changes in police protection
3. Variations in the level of patrol did not affect attitudes toward the police. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scanning, analysis, response, Assessment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deadly force can't be used against an unarmed and feeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers/others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although probable cause is always necessary for a full-scale search or arrest, Scotus has held that certain types of less severe intrusions, such as on the street |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A formal charge by a grand jury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first act in a criminal proceeding, in which the defendant is brought before a court to hear the charges against him or her and enter a plea of guilty or not guilty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows what happens to criminals as they through the system. The Majorirty of crimes are either unreported or cases are dropped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term used to imply all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure |
|
|
Term
| Restorative Justice Perspective |
|
Definition
| A perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crimes. It stresses peacemaking, not punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safegards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings |
|
|
Term
| Crime control Perspective |
|
Definition
| The perspective on crimina justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In female prisons, Substitute family groups with a faux father, mother and siblings |
|
|
Term
| Violent Crime Trends since 1973 |
|
Definition
| Went up, then went down in the 80's and then went up in the 90's and now are the lowest ever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The percentage of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved through an arrest; a statistic used to measure a police department's productivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crime involving deceit, corruption, or breach of trust, it includes crimes such as embezzlement and forgery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of multiple killer who kills over a long period of time but typically assumes a normal identity between murders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A body of specific ruled that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The methods that must be followed in obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders, and reviewing cases by appellate courts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower than a felony and is generally punishable by fine or imprisonment otherwise than in a penitentiary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In criminal procedure, a rule under which any evidence that is obtained in violation of the accused constitutional rights guaranteed by the 4,5,6th amendments, as well as any evidence derived from illegally obtained evidence, will not be admissible in court. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formally known as the national commission on law observance and enforcement, a commission created in 1929 by President Hoover to study the US criminal justice system, including the police |
|
|
Term
| Community Oriented policing |
|
Definition
| Programs designed to bring police and public closer together and create a more cooperative environment between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory proposing that disorder leads to crime because criminals assume a neighborhood that tolerates disorder will also ignore criminal acts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Working personalities adopted by police that can range from social worker in blue to crime fighter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A jury's refusal to render a verdict according to the law and fact regardless of the evidence presented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| officers who actively use their power for personal gain; make headlines when discovered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warrantless search taken by the police if a person says its okay. 4th amendment rights waved initially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A court order requiring explanation to a judge why a prisoner is being held in custody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer |
|
|
Term
| Presentence Investigation Report |
|
Definition
| Document that results from an investigation undertaken by a cour-authorized officer or agency, designed to provide information on the defendant so the judge can make an informed sentencing decision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused |
|
|
Term
| Presumptive sentencing guidelines |
|
Definition
| A form of sentencing determination in which the legislature sets the penalties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which those convicte dof simial crimes do not recieve similar sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused. |
|
|
Term
| presumptive sentencing guidelines |
|
Definition
| a form of sentencing determination in which the legislature sets the penalties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which those convicted of similar crimes do not receive similar sentences. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of proportionality |
|
Definition
| the punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fine geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classifying probationers so that they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the
form of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specified time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Requiring convicted offenders to wear a monitoring device as part of their community sentence. Typically part of a house arrest
order, this enables the probation department to ensure that offenders are complying with court-ordered limitations on their freedom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in louisiana. harshest sentences and no chance for parole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of the prison population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| back into society from prison. Can often be harmful because prison culture is so different. |
|
|
Term
| Cruel and unusual punishment |
|
Definition
physical punishment or punishment that far exceeds that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the
8th Amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in a fair and
nondiscriminatory fashion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both minority group members and
law enforcement officers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin or sexual
orientation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine to bring those persons to trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the courts have allowed police to use this to help establish probable cause for arrest
-based on commonly held notions concerning: age, race, personal appearance, behavior and mannerisms of drug couriers
-used to provide basis to stop and question a person |
|
|
Term
| ROR (Release on Recognizance) |
|
Definition
A pretrial release in which a defendant with ties to the community is not required to post bail but promises to appear at all
subsequent proceedings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A post-conviction statement by the victim of a crime or the victim's family that may be used to guide sentencing decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The policy of keeping dangerous criminals in confinement to eliminate the risk of their repeating their offense in society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process in which new sentencing options increase instead of reduce control over offenders' lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work
duty and meals, but in total silence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sentences for two or more criminal acts served simultaneously and run together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
who report hearsay (admissions against penal interest) which they claim to have heard while the accused is in pretrial detention,
usually in exchange for sentence reductions or other inducements, have been the focus of particular controversy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration under supervision after a part of the prison sentence has been served. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the group of punishments falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction, including house arrest and intensive
supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows an inmate a private extended visit with a partner or spouse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to
develop discipline and respect for authority. Also referred to as shock incarceration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highest level of prison security. Houses the worst inmates. 23 hour lockdown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere that enhances, rather than reduces, the level of violence in society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The age at which someone can have full responsibility for their actions against society and the criminal justice system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describes a police officer who attempts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be soliced by the public.
Getting free coffee- all the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the judge will tell the jury members of the principles of law that ought to guide and control their decision on the defendants innocence
or guilt. Included in the charge will be information about the element of the alleged offense, the type of evidence needed to prove
each element, and the burden of proof that must be met to obtain a guilty verdict. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ignorance or mistake, insanity, intoxication, age, entrapment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through the adversary process, each side in a dispute has the right to present its case as persuasively as possible, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince a convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sworn written statement addressed to a court or judge by the police, prosecutor, or individual alleging that an individual has committed an offense and requesting indictment and prosecution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that are illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards. Obscenity and prostitution are considered public order crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oscar Newman encompasses ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A criminal violation – usually one that endangers the public welfare – that is defined by the act itself, irrespective of intent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Bill of Rights applicable to state law as well as federal law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a jury’s refusal to render a verdict according to the law and fact regardless of the evidence presented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plea of “no contest” the defendant submits a to sentencing without any formal admission of guilt that could be used against him or her in a subsequent civil suit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a regimented, dehumanizing institution, such as a prison, in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation, cut off from the world at large. |
|
|
