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Crim and justice
Crime and justice study gide
63
Social Studies
10th Grade
12/06/2012

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Term
Accused
Definition
A person or persons formally charged but not yet put on trial for committing a
crime.
Term
Acquittal
Definition
A legal judgment, based on the decision of either a jury or judge, that a person
accused of a crime is not guilty of the charges for which he/she has been tried.
Term
Admissible Evidence
Definition
Evidence that is relevant and proper for consideration in reaching a decision in
court. Pre-trial hearings are often held to allow the judge to make this
determination.
Term
Affidavit
Definition
A written, sworn statement in which the writer swears that the information
stated therein is true.
Term
Appeal
Definition
A request by either the defense counsel or prosecutor in a case to have a higher
court resolve a dispute with a judge’s decision
Term
Arraignment Hearing
Definition
A hearing in which a person charged with a crime is brought before the court to
plead either guilty or not guilty to the criminal charges alleged in the indictment
or information, and is advised of his/her constitutional rights under law. By
definition, arraignment hearings are considered pre-trial hearings.
Term
Arrest Warrant
Definition
An order made on behalf of Oregon, based on a complaint and signed by a
judge, authorizing law enforcement to arrest a person who is thought to have
committed a crime. A person who is arrested on a warrant stays in custody until
bail or bond is posted, or until released by an order of the court.
Term
Bail
Definition
Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that person's appearance for trial.
Term
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
Definition
The degree of proof needed for a judge or jury to convict a person accused of a
crime.
Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
Collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
These limitations serve to protect the natural rights of liberty and property. They
guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in
judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the
public. While originally the amendments applied only to the federal government,
most of their provisions have since been held to apply to the states by way of
the Fourteenth Amendment.
Term
4th Amendment
Definition
It guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.
Term
5th Amendment
Definition
It protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure.
Term
6th Amendment
Definition
It sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions.
Term
7th Amendment
Definition
It codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases, and asserts that cases may not be re-examined by another court.
Term
8th Amendment
Definition
Its prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments.
Term
Burden of Proof
Definition
The State (represented by the prosecuting attorney) carries the burden of proof
to establish “beyond a reasonable doubt” that the defendant committed the
Term
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Definition
the law enforcement and tax collection agency of the Treasury Department that enforces federal laws concerning alcohol and tobacco products and firearms and explosives and arson
Term
Civil Law
Definition
Civil law seeks to resolve non-criminal disputes such as disagreements over the
meaning of contracts, property ownership, divorce, child custody, and damages
for personal and property damage
Term
Clemency
Definition
Reducing the sentence of someone convicted of a crime.
Term
Conviction
Definition
A judgment of the court, based either on the decision of a jury or judge, that
the defendant is guilty of the crime for which he/she was tried.
Term
Criminal Law
Definition
Is the body of law that relates to crime. It might be defined as the body of rules
that defines conduct that is not allowed because it is held to threaten, harm or
endanger the safety and welfare of people, and that sets out the punishment to
be imposed on people who do not obey these laws. Criminal law is to be
distinguished from civil law.
Term
Defendant
Definition
A person who has been formally charged by a court with committing a specific
crime. Symbolized in short hand by a triangle.
Term
District Attorney
Definition
A public official who acts as prosecutor for the state or the federal government in court in a particular district.
Term
Double Jeopardy
Definition
The unavalablity to atempt the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.
Term
Extradition
Definition
The action of extraditing a person accused or convicted of a crime.
Term
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Definition
a federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice
Term
Felony
Definition
A serious crime potentially punishable by incarceration.
Term
Grand Jury
Definition
A collection of citizens called to serve on a jury whose duty it is to examine the
evidence supporting charges alleged by law enforcement and/or the prosecutor
to determine if the evidence is sufficient to have a trial.
Term
Guilty
Definition
A verdict of a judge or jury that a person accused of committing a crime did
commit it.
Term
Habeas Corpus
Definition
A Federal process and proceeding in which a prisoner challenges the lawfulness
of his/her imprisonment.
Term
Hammurabi’s Code
Definition
The Code of Hammurabi was a comprehensive set of laws, considered by many scholars to be the oldest laws established; they were handed down four thousand years ago by King Hammurabi of Babylon.
Term
Indictment
Definition
A formal charging document presented by the prosecution to a grand jury. The
grand jury may then issue the indictment if it believes that if the accusation is
proved, it would lead to a conviction.
Term
Jail
Definition
The local facility where people are held in custody. Defendants awaiting trial and
people convicted of lesser crimes are held in jail, as opposed to prison.
Term
Judge
Definition
An officer of the court who presides over cases and decides questions of law.
Term
Jurisdiction
Definition
Is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a
Term
Jury
Definition
A panel of citizens selected by the prosecution, defense, and judge, and sworn
to determine certain facts by listening to testimony in order to decide if the
defendant committed the crime.
Term
Magistrate
Definition
A civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, esp. one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses.
Term
Miranda Warning
Definition
Is a warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police
custody (or in a custodial interrogation) before they are interrogated to preserve
the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings.
Term
Misdemeanor
Definition
A crime that is less serious than a felony, and for which the conviction can mean
imprisonment for one year or less, usually in a jail or other local facility, and/or
a fin
Term
No Contest (Nolo Contendre)
Definition
A defendant’s formal answer in court to the charges where the defendant states
that he/she does not contest the charges. The nolo contendre plea is not an
admission of guilt, but carries the same legal consequences as a guilty plea.
Term
North Carolina Highway Patrol
Definition
It is the highway patrol agency for North Carolina which has no per-se "state police" agency.
Term
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
Definition
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission is a state government agency that practices conservation and management of North Carolina
Term
Pardon
Definition
An official release from responsibility and consequences for a crime, usually only
granted by the Governor of a state or the President of the United States.
Term
Parole
Definition
Release of a prisoner from imprisonment, but not from legal custody and
supervision. People under parole supervision are subject to conditions of
supervision that are designed to reduce recidivism and promote public safety,
and are supervised by a parole officer.
Term
Plain Sight
Definition
The anser and resolution is simple
Term
Plea Agreement
Definition
An agreement between the defendant and the prosecuting attorney that will
bring the case to an end if the court approves the agreement. It usually involves
the defendant’s plea of guilty to a lesser offense, which could include arecommendation for a lesser sentence.
Term
Police Department
Definition
a branch of goverment in most if not all towns to inforce and uphold the law
Term
Prison
Definition
A building to which people are legally committed as a punishment for crimes they have committed or while awaiting trial.
Term
Privilege
Definition
A special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to one person or group of people.
Term
Probation
Definition
Conditional freedom granted to a person by the court after conviction or a guilty
plea, with requirements for the person’s behavior (“conditions of probation”),
where a violation of the conditions may potentially mean jail or prison time. A
probation officer conducts supervision.
Term
Probable Cause
Definition
The degree of proof needed to arrest and begin prosecution against a person
suspected of committing a crime. The evidence must be such that a reasonable
person would believe that this specific crime was committed, and that it is
probable that the person being accused committed it.
Term
Prosecutor
Definition
A lawyer employed by the government or elected by the people to represent the
State’s interests in court proceedings against people accused of committing
crimes. Colorado prosecutors’ offices have victim/witness programs that are
designed to inform victims of their rights, help them understand the criminal
justice process, and provide them with information about and referrals to
services that can help.
Term
Public Defender
Definition
A lawyer employed at public expense in a criminal trial to represent a defendant who is unable to afford legal assistance.
Term
Restraining Order
Definition
An order issued by a court that forbids a person from doing something. In the
context of victim protection, often an order forbidding the alleged or convicted
offender to have any contact with the victim (or other people connected to the
victim) or witnesses. (Sometimes referred to as: stay away order, no contact
order, or protective order.)
Term
Right
Definition
Morally good, justified, or acceptable.
Term
State Bureau of Investigation
Definition
is a state-level detective agency in the United States. They are plainclothes agencies which usually investigate both criminal and civil cases involving the state and/or multiple jurisdictions.
Term
Sheriff’s Department
Definition
Is in principle a legal official with responsibility for a county.
Term
Subpoena
Definition
A court order requiring a person to appear in court on a specified day and time
to give testimony. It may also include an order to produce documents or
records. Failure to appear constitutes contempt of court.
Term
Summons
Definition
A court order used to bring a person accused of a crime (who is not in custody)
to court.
Term
Transcript
Definition
The official record of a trial or hearing.
Term
Trial by Ordeal
Definition
a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control; escape was usually taken as a sign of innocence
Term
Waiver
Definition
The voluntary surrender of a right, claim, or privilege.
Term
Warrant
Definition
A court order directing a law enforcement officer to make an arrest, a search, or
a seizure.
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