Term
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Definition
| All behavior, including criminal behavior is acquired through our associations with other people and our environment. |
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Term
| Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| Says people can be trained to adopt to any behavior. The failure to follow prescribed behavior is due to inconsistencies and lack of harmony. Conflict of cultures is the principle of explaining crime |
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Term
| Assumptions of Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| All people begin as a blank slate, free from good or evil. |
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Term
| Main Proposition of Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions of unfavorable violations of law. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extension of differential association theory, but explains how people learn. The four elements are differential associations, Definitions of behaviors, differential reinforcement, and imitation of behavior. |
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Term
| Differential Associations (Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Priority, Frequency, Duration, and Intensity of these definitions of favorable to law or unfavorable to law. |
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Term
| Neutralizing or Rationalizing Definitions (Definitions of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| People have certain crimes considered as ok, certain other crimes are not ok. |
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Term
| Positive Definitions (Definitions of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Favorable definitions to violate the law |
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Term
| Definitions (Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Attitudes or meanings attached to a particular behavior. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement (Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Occurs when you try to get a behavior to continue. |
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Term
| Punishment (Differential Reinforcement of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Refers to anything that discourages a behavior |
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Term
| Positive Reinforcements (Differential Reinforcement of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Adding a liked thing to encourage good behavior |
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Term
| Negative Reinforcements (Differential Reinforcement of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Removal of disliked things to encourage good behavior |
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Term
| Positive Punishments (Differential Reinforcement of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Adding a disliked thing to stop bad behavior |
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Term
| Negative Punishments (Differential Reinforcement of Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Removal of a liked thing to stop bad behavior. |
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Term
| Imitation (Social Learning Theory) |
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Definition
| Engage in behavior after observing a similar behavior in others. Happens when a new behavior is introduce and begins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asks why do people obey rules or society? Why don't people commit more crimes? There is something external to us that keeps us from committing crime. |
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Term
| Assumptions of Control Theory |
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Definition
| All people have the potential and opportunity to commit crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that delinquent acts result when an individuals bond to society is weak or broken, where bonds are the attachments to conventional institutions. |
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Term
| Attachment (4 elements of Social Bonding Theory) |
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Definition
| Bonds we have with people in our lives |
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Term
| Commitment (4 elements of Social Bonding Theory) |
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Definition
| Stake in conformity, how invested are we to conforming activities. |
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Term
| Involvement (4 elements of Social Bonding Theory) |
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Definition
| Function of time, where one is doing so much in their life that they have no time to commit crime. |
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Term
| Belief (4 elements of Social Bonding Theory) |
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Definition
| Attitudes of law, asking does the law apply to me? Regards to moral validity of law. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people differ in the extent to which they are vulnerable to the temptation of the moment. |
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Term
| Characteristics of people with low self control |
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Definition
| Impulsive, insensitive, physical, risk-takers, short-sighted, and non verbal people |
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Term
| 4 conditions for adequate child rearing |
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Definition
| Affection for or investment in the child, monitor the child's behavior, ability to recognize deviant behavior when it occurs, punish deviant acts. |
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Term
| Age where the level of self control is set throughout life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the course of criminality and how it changes over time within the individual. Typically focused on the criminal career in regards to time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Human development is viewed across the life span, where childhood, adolescent, and adult experiences are in a continuous process of change. |
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Term
| Goal of Life Course Perspective |
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Definition
| Try to account for offender careers – onset, escalation, de-escalation, and desistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the life course as a series of paths. |
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Term
| Age Graded Theory (Sampson & Laub) |
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Definition
| Looks at the effect of Hirshci's Social Bonding over time within the individual, looking at their trajectories, continuity of behavior, and turning points in life. |
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Term
| Trajectories (Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| The paths of behavior people take. |
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Term
| Continuity & Change (Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| Cause that results in either changing behavior or keeping the behavior. |
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Term
| Turning Points (Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| The key moments that causes the change to come |
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Term
| Structural Context (Stages of Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| 1st stage, where it explains delinquency in childhood adolescence through informal family and school bonds. |
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Term
| Continuity (Stages of Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| 2nd stage, where sometimes our behavior continues from childhood through adulthood |
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Term
| Informal Social Bonds in Adolescence (Stages of Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| 3rd stage, where these "bonds" can explain changes in criminality over the life span. |
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Term
| Childhood (Influencing factors in Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| Child-rearing factors in the form of social structures. Families showing affection. |
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Term
| Adolescence (Influencing factors in Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| Family becomes distant, peers become more important. Biological factors and hormonal changes. More freedom due to lack of responsibility, some people don't go to school. |
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Term
| Young Adulthood (Influencing factors in Age Graded Theory) |
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Definition
| Job, marriage, military, prison. These factors determine if we continue committing crime or stop. |
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Term
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Definition
| A macro-level theory that challenges the previous theories and their focus on the individual. Describes the idea that labeling after a crime is committed leads to more crime and an acceptance of being a criminal. |
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Term
| Labeling as a Dependent Variable |
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Definition
| Looks to find out what produces the label and determines the way in which it is applied, or asks if certain people are or how people act more likely to be labeled than others? |
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Term
| Labeling as a Independent Variable |
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Definition
| Attempts to explain how audience reactions (the label) increases crime. |
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Term
| Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory) |
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Definition
| Deviance or crime that is committed before a person is caught and labeled. Typically nonviolent and infrequent. |
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Term
| Policy Implications of Labeling Theory |
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Definition
| Diversion (Drug Courts), Decriminalization (No punishment for small crimes), and Deinstitutionalization programs (probation) |
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Term
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Definition
| The crime committed after the label is placed on the person |
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Term
| Secondary Deviance (Labeling Theory) |
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Definition
| Deviance that occurs after a person is caught and labeled. End up committing more crime than before. |
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Term
| Getting Caught and Labeled (Stages after being caught and labeled) |
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Definition
| Results in formal labels of the criminal justice system or something else given by family, church, friends, etc. |
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Term
| Change in treatment post labeling (Stages after being caught and labeled) |
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Definition
| People start to treat the labeled person differently, such as not being hired, ignorance from family and friends. |
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Term
| Acceptance of the label (Stages after being caught and labeled) |
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Definition
| Person begins to see himself/herself as how the label suggests that he/she is deviant. |
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Term
| Associations with others (Stages after being caught and labeled) |
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Definition
| Begins to associate with others that have the same or similar labels. |
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Term
| Re-integrative Shaming (John Braithwaite) |
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Definition
| As an extension to labeling theory, where shaming leads to preventing crime, rather than continuing criminal behavior. Expressions of disapproval are followed by gestures of reacceptance into the community. Focuses on the behavior, not the identity of the individual. |
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Term
| Shaming (Re-integrative shaming) |
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Definition
| Social disapproval which has the intention or effect of invoking remorse or condemnation by others through making someone feel bad about themselves. |
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Term
| Dis-integrative Shaming (John Braithwaite) |
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Definition
| Stigmatizes the individual because the focus is only on labeling the person. No effort is put towards forgiving the person. Focuses on the person, not the behavior. |
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Term
| Shaming is more effective for some people... |
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Definition
| people who are “emmeshed in multiple relationships of interdependency”. Interdependency can be predicted by age, sex, marital status, employment status, educational and occupational aspirations. |
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Term
| Communitarianism (Re-integrative Shaming) |
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Definition
| the aggregate level of interdependency, a condition of societies, where society is made up of interdependent individuals. Leads to more effective shaming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crime is an offense against human relationships. Focuses on victims and the community and putting them in to the justice processes. |
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Term
| Assisting Victims (Priorities of Restorative Justice) |
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Definition
| The first priority of the justice process is to make victims whole again. |
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Term
| Community Restoration (Priorities of Restorative Justice) |
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Definition
| The second priority of the justice process is to restore the community to the degree possible. |
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Term
| Personal Responsibility (Priorities of Restorative Justice) |
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Definition
| The third priority of the justice process is that the offender has personal responsibility to victims and to the community for crimes committed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conflict among various groups due to the competition to have a group's interests promoted. Law and criminal justice system exists to serve the powerful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on capitalism as a 2 class system based on ownership of the means of production. |
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Term
| Bourgeosie (Marxist Theory) |
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Definition
| Capitalists or the ruling class, monopolizes the means of production and manipulates the political state, the legal and criminal justice system to promote their own interests. |
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Term
| Proletariat (Marxist Theory) |
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Definition
| Workers who sell their labor to the ruling class. Repressed by the system of capitalism, through defined and engrained morality and laws. Can only rise over the ruling class through revolution and overthrow of the government. |
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Term
| Willem Bonger Marxist Crime Theory |
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Definition
| Crime is produced by the capitalist organization of society, the profit motive in the capitalistic society includes egoistic tendencies which lead to crime. |
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Term
| Egoistic Tendencies (Bonger's Theory) |
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Definition
| Greed & selfishness, no regard to others, the bourgeoisie creates laws to protect their own _________, while criminalizing the proletariat's_________ |
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Term
| Richard Quinney's Marxist Theory |
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Definition
| Crimes are divided in to crimes of the working class and crimes of the ruling class. |
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Term
| Crimes of Accomodation (Quinney's Theory) |
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Definition
| Predatory crimes (burglary, robbery, murder, assault) |
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Term
| Crimes of Resistance (Quinney's Theory) |
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Definition
| Reactions to exploitation (acts of rebellion, political crimes) |
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Term
| Crimes of Domination and Repressions (Quinney's Theory) |
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Definition
| Crimes of the ruling class or corporate crime (fraud, price-fixing, insider trading, white collar crime) |
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Term
| Feminist Theory (in general) |
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Definition
| Aim to draw upon women's experiences and recognize the role of gender in society. Focuses on the victimization of women, the gender differences in crime, the explanations of womens' criminality, and the women's experience and gender discrimination in the criminal justice system. |
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Term
| Criticisms of Traditional CJ Theories (Feminist Theory) |
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Definition
| Failure of criminology to understand the significance of gender and sex roles in society. The belief that patriarchy is as important as class in creating a division of society. Explains criminal justice decisions as reflecting male dominance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inequality and differences in crime rates between men and women is related to difference in socialization. |
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Term
| Liberation Hypothesis (Frida Adler) |
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Definition
| As social change occurs in the contexts of education, occupation, family, politics, economy, etc., they become more similar in their deviant, delinquent, or criminal contexts as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Women's subordination results from a capitalistic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patriarchy exists even in pre-capitalist societies as a result of biology, where women are the weaker sex. Men try to control the sexuality of women. Rape and other violence is a means to extend dominance over women. Women who are criminal is a response to being victimized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class and patriarchy are equally important. Can't understand women's criminality unless we also understand that most female criminals are poor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus is on the intersection of race, class, & gender. Ex. Black women = higher rates of being criminal and also higher rates of being victimized. |
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Term
| Goal of Integrated Theories |
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Definition
| To come up with the best theories to explain crime. |
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Term
| Importance of Integrated Theories |
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Definition
| To discuss if the theory could have implications for policy and could it be a generalization of knowledge for theory construction and evolution. |
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Term
| Theory Competition (Types of Integrated Theories) |
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Definition
| Put theories against each other and the best theory will rise to the top. |
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Term
| Theory Elaboration (Types of Integrated Theories) |
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Definition
| Building on existing theory. Take a theory that shows promise and work on it until it become better. |
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Term
| Theory Integration (Types of Integrated Theories) |
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Definition
| An explantion of crime that attempts to merge insights from 2 or more theories in to a single model. |
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Term
| Propositional Integration (Theory Integration) |
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Definition
| End to End, identifying and combining concepts from different theories |
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Term
| Up & Down Integration (Theory Integration) |
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Definition
| Theoretical Reduction, new theory subsumes and old theory. |
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Term
| Theoretical synthesis (Theory Integration) |
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Definition
| Bringing new concepts to correct existing theory. |
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Term
| Control Balance Theory (Tittle) |
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Definition
| Says that crime is utilitarian and helps people gain control. People either commit crime to extend the control they already have over others or to regain some measure of control back over their lives. |
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Term
| Assumptions of Control Balance Theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Control Ratio (Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| Affects a person's probability for engaging in crime/deviance and the type of crime/deviance they will engage in. Control experienced/Control exercised |
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Term
| Control Balance (Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| Equal Control experienced vs. Control exercised. |
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Term
| Control Deficit (Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| More control experienced, less control exercised. |
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Term
| Control Surplus (Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| More control exercised, less control experienced. |
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Term
| Situational Provocations (Three Intervening Factors that lead to crime - Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| Circumstances or events that reminds people of their control, whether they have control or not. |
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Term
| Constraints (Three Intervening Factors that lead to crime - Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| Perception of the ideas of sanctions and punishment. |
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Term
| Opportunity (Three Intervening Factors that lead to crime - Control Balance Theory) |
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Definition
| Circumstances of a crime being available to be committed. |
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