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| The sociobiological perspective that certain genes may be linked to criminality. |
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| Theory that says anomie occurs when there is a lack of integration between the cultural goals which people are encouraged to pursue and the legitimate means available for achieving those goals. |
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| Behavior by which victims seek to distance themselves from the kinds of people or situations they perceive as dangerous. |
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| Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) |
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| A large Canadian national survey that periodically has a focus on criminal victimization, crime prevention, and perception of crime. |
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| With reference to deterrence, the swiftness (perceived or objectively measurable) with which an offender is apprehended and punished. |
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| With reference to deterrence, the likelihood (perceived or objectively measurable) that an offender will be apprehended or punished. |
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| The making of assertions about the existence of some problem that requires a policy solution. |
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| A judgment made by the police based on identification of at least one of the offenders involved in a offence. |
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| Expansion of the policing role beyond the traditional narrow reactive role. |
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| Theory that argues that in a complex society, social groups may pursue different interests and the achievement of success depends on how powerful they are. Responses to crime are interpreted as part of a larger struggle among groups that attempt to use law, or legal control, in pursuit of their own interests. |
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| Theory proposing that laws and punishment are enforced in order to maintain the collective interests shared by members of society. |
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| THeory, based on control theory, that youth are insulated from delinquency by inner and outer containments that constrain nonconformist behavior. |
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| A group of theories which proceed from the assumptions that criminal behavior emerges in the absence of control (internal/external) that might check or contain it. |
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| Acts committed by business in the interests of generating profit and avoiding losses and prosecution. |
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| Losses of physical, financial, emotional, and social nature that can be attributed to the victimization experience. |
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| The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of some action to reduce or remove it. |
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| A rational delinquency oriented towards the pursuit of monetary objectives, exemplified by organized theft and the sale of illicit goods or services. |
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| Theory of prevention in which the threat of punishment or retribution is expected to forestall some act from occurring. |
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| A technique in which an investigator attempts to develop a theory through exploration, or confirm hypotheses through direct participation in and observation of the community or other social grouping being studied. |
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| Some unlawful constraint or influence used to force an individual to commit an act that he or she otherwise would not have committed. |
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| Argues that moral panics represent the deliberate attempt on the part of the economic or political elite to promote public concern about some issue that does not involve the elite's interests. |
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| Sale of illegal goods and services to customers who know that the goods and services are illegal. |
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| Studies in which the researcher attempts to directly observe and interact with the people being studied in a naturally occurring context. |
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| Denial of responsibility for an acknowledged wrongful act. |
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| Any enduring pattern of social relationships through which domestic life is organized. |
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| Child abuse, wife assault, elder abuse, and other forms of physical coercion that are contextualized by domestic living arrangements. |
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| A concern or anxiety relating to the possibility of criminal victimization and usually assessed in social research through the measurement of attitudes or reported behaviors. |
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| A theoretical orientation that critically assesses power relationships in society particularity as those relationships relate to gender inequality. |
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| Concerns around which life in the lower class is organized: trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy. |
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| Conventional methods of technology and physical coercion, such as the police force, used to maintain social order. |
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| A focus on negative relationships between people that promote anger, fear, frustration, which may lead to delinquency. |
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| The theory that criminal activity appeals to people who are impulsive, short-sighted, physical, risk-taking, nonverbal, and, most importantly, lolw in self control. |
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| The ways in which individuals, on seeing offenders receiving punishment, will be deterred from breaking the law themselves. |
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| In criminology, a field of study that attempts to determine how certain presocial actors such as family ties and blood relations influence criminal outcomes (often in conjunction with environmental factors). |
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| Views moral panics as originating in the mood of the public. |
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| the social and physical setting within which family life is organized. |
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| Casual methods of coercion employed by community members to maintain conformity. |
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| Interactional theory to delinquency |
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| The theory that weak ties to conventional others increase the likelihood of delinquent behavior, but that these ties can be strengthened over time in response to changing circumstances. |
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| Argues that moral panics can be set in motion by the actions of small groups, such as politicians, crusading journalists, or professional associations. |
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| Free time (after work, familial, and other obligations are met) that can be used for play or recreation. |
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| Legal or procedural regulation that requires the police, in domestic violence cases, to make an arrest when they have physical evidence that an assault has taken place. |
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| The behavior of some members of society is seen as so problematic, evil, or harmful,to the society that is becomes a social imperative to control the behavior, punish the offenders, and repair the damage. |
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| A community crime prevention program in which residents monitor neighborhood life and exert guardianship over each others property. |
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| Violation on legal norms governing lawful occupational endeavors. |
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| Social settings, such as bars and parties, where individuals are free of many of the constraints that operate in other settings, such as the school and the workplace. |
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| The theory that due to differential control (that is, girls are subject to greater control than boys) within the patriarchal family, males have a higher propensity to engage in risk taking and delinquent behavior. |
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| With reference to deterrence, the perceived or actual seriousness of the penalty for legal infraction. |
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| The interactions between individuals that have led to the outcome of a crime being committed. |
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| A crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his or her occupation. |
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