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Crim 101 final
crim 101 UNL eskridge
80
Criminology
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2016

Additional Criminology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
4 components of absolute justice
Definition

An absolute ability to identify all law violators

Apprehend all law violators

Punish all law violators

Absolute knowledge of intent (mensrea)

Term
What are the 4 errors of justice?
Definition

Inidivudals who are guilty and escape punihsment

Innocent individuals are punished

Normative or subjective errors- individuals who are guilty and punished too severely

Not punished enough

Term
What is local legal culture?
Definition
Local legal culture: the way laws are enforced depends on the geogrpahy and culture
Term
What is the difference between substantive and procedural law?
Definition

The 3 procedural practices:

Unfounding, Founding, Defounding

Term
What is the definition of unfounding?
Definition
to systematically ignore crimes that exsist (ex. St. Louis vs. Atlanta public intoxication enforcement).
Term
What is the definition of founding?
Definition
Report crimes that otherwise would not have been reporter (ex. Report more vandalism to get more money for dept.)
Term
What is the definiton of defounding?
Definition
to increase/decrease the severity of the crime in an unofficial context (ex. Decrease crime rates, so report things undervalued - increase rape cases)
Term

What is deviance?

Who are the deviants?

Definition

Deviance : deviance is a two-edged sword of equivalent positive and negative values.

"Deviants" tend to be all - encompassing label, but deviants cannot be classified or categorized because:

a) noe one is deviant in all aspects of their lives

b) we are all deviant in the different aspects of our lives

Term
What are some ways data is collected about crime?
Definition

UCR (uniform crime report)

Victimization surveys

 

Term
What is anomie?
Definition
sense of hopelessness
Term

What is plea bargaining?

What are the two types of plea bargaining?

Definition

Lowering/reducing severity of sentence

Horizontal plea bargaining: to reduce the number of charges (could be charged wiht 10 things, drop it to just one)

Vertical plea bargaining: reduce the level/severity of the charge (swallow the gun, armed robbery to just robbery)

Term
What is the Macro differentiation/inter crime specificty?
Definition
Macro differentiation/inter crime specificity : different crimes, different causes, different aggravating factors (different levels of crime)
Term
What is micro differentiation/intra crime specificity?
Definition
micro differentiation/ intra crime specificity : same crime different reasons for each person
Term
What is general deterrence?
Definition
general: the awareness of punishment of others prevents someone from committing a crime
Term
What is specific deterrance?
Definition
Punishing a specific person teaches him/her a lesson and prevents him/her from committing crime in the future
Term
What is the Alpha Error (type 1 error)?
Definition
alpha error : it is impossible to speak of one specific cause for the wide range of heavior classified as criminal
Term
What is the Beta Error (type 2 error)?
Definition
you cannot call somsething a cause of an event if it rarely produces the event
Term
What is type 3 error?
Definition

criminoloy, like medicine, assumes conformity and seeks to explain deviance.

Perhaps we should assume deviance and explain conformirty

 

Term
What are the three ways Kohlberg believes we act how we act?
Definition

Level 1: fear of punishment (we adhere to this model) - short term (ex. press on brakes when cop approaches, speed up when they go away)

Level 2: promise of reward - still temporary (ex. want to get an A in a class, so you attend lecture, do things because we want something in return)

Level 3: - altruistic motivation (highest level) - long term

(ex. you do what is right because of what is inside of you).

Term

What do social contract theorists say, in general?

Who are the social contract theorists?

Definition

Social contract theories: break away from church - the state punishes

There is a contract, which we the citizens make with the rules. We agree to abide by the rules.

Theorists: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire

Term
What separates Hobbes from Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire?
Definition

Hobbes - King should punish severely, people are evil (crime control)

Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire - the state punishes too hard, people are basically good (Due process)

Term

Who proposed the Radical Criminology Theory?

What does this theory say?

Definition

Richard Quinney

"Captialism is the root of all crime and needs to be abandonded as an economic system"

Advocated for a class-based revoluation for change

Term
What is the bureauacrtic gravitation phenomenon?
Definition
Every program and proposal carries within it a potential for failure and abuse, equal and opposite to the program's potential for success.
Term

Neo-Classical Theory - who proposed this?

What does this theory say?

Definition

James Q. Wilson

There is crime because the state lacks certainity and severity in its punishment devliery systems. Crime is to be prevented through fear of receving sanctins. There are some costs (innocent punished), but we must avert chaos and maintain security, and these are the necessary and acceptable collateral consequences. Similar to older Classical Theorists.

Term
Detterence Theory falls udner neo-classism as well. What do we need for deterrence to work?
Definition

For detterence to work,  you need:

Swiftness - must be punished in a timely fashion

Certainty - need to be certain you will punished - key element

Severity - punishment must fit the crime

Clarity - have to know what the laws and consequences are

Term
What is the certainty severity reciprocity phenomenon?
Definition

- greater the severity of the punishment, the less likely it will be administered, but themore likely it will be administered in a biased fashion (ex. death penalty)

- the lower the severity of the penalty, more likely to be administered, and less likely it will be administered in a biased fashion (ex. parking ticket).

Term
What does the Social disorganization theory say?
Definition

Also known as broken windows theory.

Hot spots. Crime is found in certain neighborhoods...(tumors)

need to rehabilitate the community and provide economic opportunities

Term
What is Strain Theory?
Definition
Barriers that prevent people from reaching their goals, feel a sense of anomie, or hopelessness (no chance of getting ahead)
Term
What is the Differential Opportunity Theory?
Definition

Describes middle to upper class crime (describes white collar crime)

relative deprivation

keeping up the Joneses mentality

Term
What is cultural and sub-cultural conflict?
Definition

Culture conflict- may be seen as normal in one culture, but  not in a different one. (ex. assault acceptable during sports, etc. people don't really understand this)

Sub-cultural conflict- conflict between subcultures. (ex. Abortion, anti-aboration groups)

Term
What is differential association theory?
Definition
We become like those with whom we associate
Term
What is drift theory?
Definition
We may associate with "bad" people, but we won't necessarily become like them - we drift in and out of deviance (explains teenage crimes/delinquency; vandalism, etc.)
Term
Who is associated with bonding theory? and what is bonding theory?
Definition

Hirschi - what keeps people from violateing the law? most people engage in legitmate behaviors most of the time

Bonds: ties to conventional soceity - church, school, family- the tighter our bonds, the less likely we will commit crimes.

Term
What is the self-control theory?
Definition
Those who have low self-control commit more crimes - self-control is tied to bonds- develop self-control by the age of 10.
Term
What is the life course theory?
Definition

-needed these bonds throughout our lifetime

tipping point theory

labeling theory

-we tend to behave in the ways we are expected to behave

-behavior is the result of internalized expectation

 

 

Term
What is the chaos theory?
Definition

things seen to happen for no reason;appears to be chaos

there is a reason, we just dont know what it is yet

Term
What is crime?
Definition
a crime is an act or an omission prohibited by law, the violation of which is prosecuted by the state ina judcial proceeding in its own name. It is a public wrong as distinguished from a private wrong.
Term
What is a writ of demurrer?
Definition
documented filed by the defense that states that what my client did was not a crime
Term
Felony vs Misdemeanor
Definition

Felony (typically 1 year or more in prison)

1 (most serious)

2

3

4

Misdemeanor (typically less than 1 year in jail)

1

2

3

4(least serious)

Term
What is the name of the Standard of Proof at each of these levels?
Definition

5% - shred

20% - reasonable suspicion

33% probable cause

51%-preponderance

67% clear and convincing

90%- beyond reasonable doubt

Term

What level is needed for an arrest?

What level is needed for searches (2)?

What level is needed for a convictin in a criminal court?

What level is needed for a convinctin in a civil court?

What level is used in some bail cases?

Definition

1) Probable cause

2)probable cause, reasonable suspicion

3) beyond reasonable doubt

4)preponderance

5)probable cause

Term

What does corpus delecti mean?

What are the 3 parts of the corpus delecti for a criminal conviction?

Definition

Corpus Delecti - body of crime

1) Actus Reas

commision-movement, verbal, possession

Omission- failureto act when we had a legal duty to do so

2) mensrea

intent level

3) reasonable man test

Term
What are the 2 parts of Actus Reas?
Definition

Commission - movement, verbal, possesion

Omission - failure to act when we had a legal duty to do so

Term
What are the intent levels, from lowest to highest?
Definition

General Negligence

Recklnessness

general intent

specific malice

pre-meditation

Term
What are examples of negligance, recklessness, general intent, specific malice/maliciousness, and pre-meditation?
Definition

Negligence - driving, not drunk, not speeding, trying to control the kids, accidentally hits someone on road, not paying attention

Recklessness - driving drunk, speeding, hit someone

not abiding by rules, out of control, behaving recklessly

General intent :  see someone, want to mess with someone, didn't mean to kill her, just scar eher, but kill her in the proces

Specific malice/maliciousness - chasing someone on road, going after someone (bar fights maybe)

Pre-meditation - specific person in mind, premeditate crime, know she will ride past point in the road, planning to kill her

Term

What level do you need for a 1st degree murder conviction?

What about any other felony?

What about any misdemeanor?

 

Definition

1st degree murder = pre-meditation (at 90%)

any other felony= needs at least specific malice

any misdemeanor = general intent

Important!!! : these are all the minimum levels/just need to be at least that level!!

Term
What about civil cases?
Definition

last 2 deal with civil law in most cases

need to show negligence for compensation (at 51% this time)

need to show recklessness for damages + punitive damages (still 51% in civil case)

Term
What is the reasonable many test?
Definition

an individualis not liable in a criminal court for remote, unforeseeable, or indirect consequences which a reasonable person would not have forseen as liekly to have flowed from the act.

There is a liablity for the direct results of the act, but a diminshed/no crminal liability for remote, unforeseeable, or indirect consequences.

note: civil trials do not have reasonable man test.

Term
What is a homicide?
Definition
The killing of a human being, caused by the act of another.
Term
What is the felony murder rule?
Definition
Any death which occurs during the commission of a felony can be considered murder (usually 1st degree murder)
Term
What is assault?
Definition
Any un-consented touching of another, not matter how slight the injury.
Term
What is sexual assault/rape?
Definition

Traditional definition : the unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman by force without consent.

Rape is severely underreported.

Term
What is robbery?
Definition
the taking and carrying away of the property of another, by force or the threat thereof;involves the fear factor
Term
What is burglary?
Definition

the breaking and entering into the dwelling of another with the intent to commit a felony

just breaking the plane- no matter how slight

Term
What is larceny/ theft?
Definition
the taking and carrying away of the property of another by one who has no right to possession and/or ownership (intent is permanent deprivation of ownership0; it is a trespass agaisnt the possession of another.
Term
What is a whtie collar crime?
Definition
breasching a social relationship of trust
Term
What is arson?
Definition
willful and malicious burning of the dwelling of another.
Term

What is mandamus?

What is injunction?

Definition

mandamus: court order mandating action

injunction: order to stop an action

Term
what is gold collar crime?
Definition

if you wish to break the law with impunity, become the law. (hitler, Stalin, marcos, etc.)

those who make the laws are far more danergous to us than those we lock away

Term
What are the things you need in step one (legislative body)?
Definition

declare certain acts illegal

establish penalties

substantively create the justice system

establish the process/the legal procedures

outline the legal rights

finance the system

Term
What happens in step 2 (field investigation)
?
Definition

cite and release

arrest

Term
What is step 3 and what occurs at this step?
Definition

Police station process

Booking (name, information, etc)

interrogation

line up identification (people who are like you)

mugging (pictures, finger prints)

inventory (your items are written down)

Station house bail (police can release you, formal release

Contact an attorney

police administration decision

 

Term
step 40 complain authorization. Who files this?
Definition

County attorney/ district attorney - prosecutor

probable cause vs beyond reasonable doubt (they will be looking down the line to see fi they can get 90% at the trial)

2/3 never filed -dismissed

Term

What is step 5?

Where does it take place?

Definition

Minor Trial Court (county court)

without unnecessary delays (24-48 hours) just needs to start this process

Habeas Corpus right. (why do you have my body? told why you are being held)

Court procedures (think of it like you weregoing through the steps)

1. charges are formally levied by the prosecutor with the court

2. charges and potential penalties are communicated by the court to the defendant.

3. rights are communicated and fulfilled.

4. a plea is entered

Term
What are the different ways to get bail?
Definition

Different pre-trial release/ bail options

1)bond yourself out- (traditional model) money or 2X in propety ((Will get money back minus an adminstractice fee (even if foud guilty)))

2)bail bond agent - give them money - 10-15% - they will go to court, put u p money and then get that money back

3) 10 percent system - must put up 10% of the money (get 90% back of the 10%)

4) ROR/PTR bond/pre-trial release, release on recognizance - no financial ties

social points (job, family, car, past record, ties to community

Term
What is the idea of stare decisis?
Definition
stare decisis- rules of law announced in one case that becomes guidelines for future cases (set precedent)
Term

What is step 6?

  Where does this take place?

Who can present evidence?

Definition

Preliminary hearing

Minor trial - try to convince the judge there is probable cause

minor trial court/county court

no jurors

state presents evidence/defense cannot (defense may cross-examine)(looking to get to probable cause) (trying to get a plea bargain!)

Term

What are the two ways the state may present their evidence at a preliminary hearing?

When is each way used?

Definition

1) Shred- show just enough to get probable cause

2)shot gun- throw all evidence out at the defense, all witnesses to try and scare the defense (suaully used by an experiences prosecutor to a relatively inexperienced defense attorney)

Term
In most cases, how does a case move from this step to step 7?
Definition

A judge will issue a bindover for the case, stating that the case has at least probable cause.

if this doesn't happen, what might take place?

Defendant walks - released

Complaint may be re-filed

Prosecutor may file different charges (other charges from same offense)

prosecutor can say there is probable cuase present to push case on

Term
Details about the grand jury?
Definition

12 to 23 citizens.

meet in prvate

prosecution or grand jury apppointed prosecutor presents evidence

witnesses testify

probable cause

Term
What does a grand jury issue?
Definition
An indictment or a true bill (they are the same thing)
Term
so, what are the 3 ways to move on frmo the preliminary hearing?
Definition

1) bind over from judge

2) writ of information from prosecutor

3)grand jury -indictment or true bill

Term

What is step 7?

Where does it take place?

What step is it almost identical to?

Definition

same as intial appearane..except held in major trial court.

court procedures

1) charges are fomrally levied by the prosecutor with the court

2) charges and potential penalties are communicated by the court to the defendant.

3) rights are communicated and fulfilled

4)a plea is entered

5) a dicisin is made as to the next step

6) bail is considered.

Term
What are the other kinds of possible hearings?
Definition

1) Continuance - ask to delay, benefits defence

2)change of venue - location of trial, bring in jurors from another jurisdiction

3)discovery hearings- defense has the right to look at whawt is in the Prosecutors file - to file with the court, need to pay money

4) evidentiary hearings - invoke the ex

clusionary rule (evidence illegally seized cannot be used in court)

 

Term
What is amucis curiae?
Definition
legal bried that is submitted to the court by an interested 3rd party, political action committees submit these briefs usually
Term

step 9- the trial

A) Judge or Jury?

B) jury selection process- what is this called?

What is a dismissal for cause?

What is preemptory challenge?

Definition

voir dire or jury empanelling process

1) dismissals for cause-unlimitd (relations, biases, etc).

2) pre-emptory challenges - usually around 3 (no reasoning needed)

*remember they are just trying to sit a fundamentally fair jury.

Term
What is jury nillification?
Definition
defense can ask jury to let defendant go, even if they are "proven" guilty
Term
What is principle of primacy and recency?
Definition

rememver things that happen first and last and forget the middle

favors the state! but state needs to get that 90% standard of proof (to prove guilty)

Term
do you have better odds or getting a not guilty verdict from a judge or jury?
Definition

*odds convicted 2/3 by jurors, bench trial about 85%, overall, 75% chance of conviction at trials.

judges are more likely to convict.

Term
What is expungement?
Definition

1)waiting period (5-7 years)

2)behavioral requirements (not break any new laws, etc.)

3)judicial branch

4)automatic

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