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| are often considered simplified languages unconsciously born from practical situation of interlinguistic communication |
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A common property of Creoles, Pidgins, and Planned Languages |
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they are languages brought into being for special purposes and lanugages coming into existence- further evolving under circumstances
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What is a planned Language? |
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-is consciously created by people with the purpose of facilitating or optimizing language communication
- usually intended for sitations of international comunicaiotn in which an efficient common language is lacking to the ones communicating
-abt 1,000 planned lang projects have been created. Only a few remain under the criteria mentioned above
-Esperanto is the only one that has passed the criteria completely or in the best way |
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-a language introduced in 1887 by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof
-he proposed Esperanto as a 2nd lang that would allow people who speak diff native lang to communicate, yet at the same time reatin thei own languages and culture identities
-Esperanto can be learned in much less time than any other language
-is polictically unbiased
-is for people for internationally minded, concerned abt social justice and peace, and are helping to preserve linguistic diversity
- a neutral language
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Term
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Creolists generally include three kinds of language under this:
- Pidgins
- Creoles
- Mixed Languages
Interlinguists already have a single notion of what a planned language is, but creolist do not yet agree on a precise definition of what a pidgin or creole is. |
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- "generally agreed that in essence these represent speech-forms which do not have native speakers, and are therefore primarily used as means of communication among peoples who do not share a common lanuage..." (Muysken/Smith 1995)
- is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups) (wikipedia)
- A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language. Pidgins can be changed and do not follow a specific order.Pidgins usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.
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The creation of a pidgin usually requires:
- Prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities
- A need to communicate between them
- An absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguage
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"one vital difference from pidgins is that pidgins do not have native speakers, while creoles do" (Muysken/Cmith 1995)
- a stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ from pidgins (which are believed by scholars to be necessary precedents of creoles) in that they have been nativized by children as their primary language, with the result that they have features of natural languages that are normally missing from pidgins. |
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Social Status of Contact and Planned Languages |
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(Lefebvre, 1998)
- Pidgins and creole languages, as well as planned languages, can only be born in multilingual circumstances, where there is a need to communicate but no common language. It is often useful to note that there is a precisely ONE superstrate language, which often is a source lang for creole or pidgin languages, and becomes at least the provider of a creole lexicon.
- The creole souce lang cannot be selected freely. It depends intimately on the situation of society and economy at the time when the pidgon language is born. |
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Concerning the birth of Pidgin/Creole Languages |
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- in origin, to be sure, an articifical language is seemingly different from a pidgin: a pidgin arises under the pressure of practical circumstances in a bilingual situation, whil an aritifical lang is invented by a scholar sitting quietly in his study. (Hockett 1958)
- Pidgins are interethnic languages that have come about spontaneously and in an unplanned way, whereas planned languages have an underlying plan.. as the starting point of their development. (Schubert, 1989)
- Pidginization is not the result of conscious strategies but of unconscious process (Sebba, 1997)
-"As for social status, both creoles and planned languages have a low status in the eyes of linguists.
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- In a planned language, writing precedes speech; some projects have been used only on silent paper.
- In contrast, a pidgin language and a creole language first have speech, afterwards writing, although some of them remain only in a spoken form.
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- The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular language (called the "lexifier"). The early "pre-pidgin" is quite restricted in use and variable in structure. But the later "stable pidgin" develops its own grammatical rules which are quite different from those of the lexifier. Once a stable pidgin has emerged, it is generally learned as a second language and used for communication among people who speak different languages. |
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Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is not restricted in use, and is like any other language in its full range of functions. Examples are Gullah, Jamaican Creole and Hawaii Creole English.
Note that the words "pidgin" and "creole" are technical terms used by linguists, and not necessarily by speakers of the language. For example, speakers of Jamaican Creole call their language "patwa" (from patois) and speakers of Hawai'i Creole English call theirs "Pidgin." |
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