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Definition
| Organisms that share a space, experience similar environmental conditions, and can interact either directly or indirectly through a resource |
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Definition
primary producers
herbivores
corallivores
filter feeders
suspension feeders
deposit feeder
predator |
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Definition
| move as part of lifestyle |
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| direct interactions (fight) |
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| indirect interaction, resource is eventually exploited |
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| factors leading to competitive interactions |
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Definition
space- proxy for light
light- cannot be depleted
food |
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Definition
| leads to reduced fecundity and growth rate in scleractinians |
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Definition
used in extracoelocentric digestion
can respond within hours of initial contact/detection
size is related to polyp size |
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Definition
tentacle size related to polyp size
destroy tissue with increased nematocyst density
takes 1 week- several months to develop after contact with competitor
energy costly |
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Definition
primary coral strategy
competitor contact stimulates faster growth
spatially variable
losing corals may direct growth away from site
cellular recognition
causes coral morphology to change |
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Definition
reduces flow (less food capture, more sedimentation)/ambient light/prevents upward growth
common in Acroporids |
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Definition
common among conspecifics of same genotype
tissue and skeletal matrix can fuse
may increase stability and fitness |
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| Influences of competition outcome |
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Definition
| colony size and available resources |
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| Influences of competition frequency |
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Definition
| density (total # of colonies per unit area) and Topographic complexity(increases settlement) |
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Definition
| corals are arranged in competitive networks rather A is less than B is less than C, but C less than A and that those networks change with environmental conditions |
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| Complex interactions in space and time |
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Definition
space preemption- corals settle and out compete other corals from settling (scramble)
if size didn't matter, species could co-exist |
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Definition
a. individual level
b. species
c. community
Competition occurs, partial mortality results, corals slowly grow back into competition
point in time is not always best indicator of what is happening
might mistake die back for stand-off |
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Definition
Less disturbed areas are more likely to have more competition than highly disturbed areas (EQ reefs are rare)
time scale ranges significantly
many factors that influence reef structure |
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Definition
when corals are not present, algae often is
varying effect
mechanism of the algal turf of competitive interactions depends on algal functional groups
can shade, abrade, overgrow |
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| Mechanisms of Competition |
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Definition
| Abrasion (most important in depressing growth) and shading |
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Term
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Definition
sponges can overgrow/kill coral
sponges mediated by turtles
Hawksbill turtles are helping coral depending on sponge spp |
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Term
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Definition
corallivore Acanthaster planci (love branching coral)
parrot fish did not show positive effect when they removed algae from coral because they also grazed on coral
butterfly fish caused corals to increase nematocyst density (costly) predator territory increases as quality goes down over time |
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Definition
corals can be arranged based on competitive interactions A is less than B
B is less than C therefore A is less than C |
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Symbiodinium are important in nutrient poor or stressful conditions
Mutualism/commensalism
Facilitation |
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Definition
amerliorating resources to make habitat more welcoming
coral as a substrate (hard bottom, carbon resource, refuge from predators)
variety of habitat types
fix carbon and exude mucus |
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Term
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Definition
Lipid rich mucus is created for crabs
crabs remove algae that is not palatable to herbivorous fish
Context dependent because crabs only benefit in high light conditions
without crabs corals show slower growth, higher mortality, and increased bleaching |
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Definition
sponges susceptable to predation and breakage
sponges have different chemical, tissue, and spicule defenses
heterospecifics attach to one another and show increased growth and survivorship |
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Term
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Definition
Vermetid Gastropods
presence results in morphological coral change
when corals are in the presence of dendropoma they are flatter but moving away coral morphs start to become more normal |
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Definition
provides resilience to disturbance
increases genetic diversity
resources are more efficiently used
may increase productivity (shown in terrestrial, mono vs poly)
in marine, no trend increase with increased reef algae richness |
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adding samples or transects increases richness
if you have a low richness it could be due to different niche limitations of different corals or that local reefs are saturated |
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| Best Competetor Hypothesis |
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Definition
there is slow exclusion and occasional disturbance
patterns of aggregation provides refuge from competitors
selective predation on abundant spp. |
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one level up from alpha diversity
measures the diversity of adjacent communities |
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| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis(Connell) |
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Definition
Time since last disturbance
corals are almost never reaching EQ because disturbances are frequent enough to dsturb the system approaching EQ
Expects to see richness increase diversity(connell)
evenness increases diversity (Rodgers) |
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Term
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Definition
Species rank abundance curve
all spp are fitness equivalents
diversity=function of transport |
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| Larval Settlement Success |
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Definition
must avoid grazers
find unoccupied land that is hydrodyamically favorable
avoid getting shaded, smothered, overgrown |
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| considers species counts and relative abundances (evenness) |
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predict real species richness from observed data
considers rarity
helps with chronic under sampling |
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| Authors f: Three lines of evidence to link outbreaks of the crown of thorns sea star Acanthaster planci to the release of larval food limitation |
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| Dudgeon, Aronson, Bruno, Precht |
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Definition
Authors of: Phase shifts and stable states on coral reefs
-review |
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| Suppression of herbivory by macroalgal density: a critical feedback on coral reefs? |
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| using genetics to study corals in coral reefs. used as a bar code |
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| everything is genetically unique. in case of corals- they can be parthenogenic |
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| not constructed of unique genotypes |
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abundant coral species in Coiba
reproductively plastic
very tasty to acanthaster planci
forms gian flat mats in coiba
has arm with many polyps |
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Definition
| arm with many polyps--looks like porites furcata or diviracata |
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| clonality of p. damicornis |
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Definition
| high. out of 257 samples 189 were clones. 44 unique clone types. 15 shared clone types |
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| kinship v increasing distance |
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Definition
between 15 and 30 m much more things are related than average which supports that parthenogenesis exists (produces a larvae) because things are swimming.
regional differences influence gene flow |
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