Term
| Names and locations of the four heart valves |
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Definition
Tricuspid separates right atrium from right ventricle
Mitral valve separates left atrium from left ventricle
Semilunar valves:
Pulmonic valve separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery
Aortic valve separates left ventricle from aorta |
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Term
| How much blood does the heart pump per minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| Formula for cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| An adequate BP is considered a mean arterial pressure of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| During which phase (systole or diastole) are coronary arteries filled and heart tissues perfused? |
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Definition
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Term
| List normal heart rates for newborn, infant, toddler/preschooler, school-age/adolescent, and adult |
|
Definition
Newborn: 130-160, very variable with activity, crying, etc
Infant: variable between 80 and 150
Toddler/preschooler: 70-110
School-age/adolescent: stabilized to adult values by age 19 (also with BP)
Adult/older adult: 60-100 |
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Term
| What is the most significant modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular dysfunction? |
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Definition
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Term
| List five ways smoking causes cardiovascular dysfunction |
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Definition
Vasoconstricts and therefore raises BP
Increases heart rate
Irregular heart rate
Hastens atherosclerosis
Displaces O2 with carbon monoxide |
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Term
| Values for prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension. |
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Definition
Prehypertension: 120-139 / 80-89
Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159 / 90-99
Stage 2 hypertension: >160 / >100 |
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Term
| Five ways exercise affects the cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
Strengthens heart muscles
Raises HDL (good)
Lowers triglycerides
Lowers BP
Reduces resting heart rate |
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Term
| Effects of asthma drugs and cold medications on cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| Can substantially increase HR and BP |
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Term
| Effect of birth control pills on cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of weight loss drugs with ephedra on the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| Can dangerously raise HR and BP |
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Term
| What cardiovascular effects are possible with an opiate overdose? |
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Definition
| Severe hypotension and cardiac arrest |
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|
Term
| What cardiovascular effect is possible with cocaine use/overdose? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase by more than __ bpm when doing only mild activities might indicate that decreased CO is leading to ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| HR should return to baseline within _____ of ceasing exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| A cough productive of _____ is a common manifestation of heart failure. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bluish-red skin coloration caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) |
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Term
| Peripheral versus central cyanosis |
|
Definition
Peripheral cyanosis is seen in fingers, toes and earlobes
Central cyanosis is a serious sign of reduced oxygenation and appears around oral cavity |
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Term
| Four signs of chronic poor perfusion |
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Definition
| Hair loss, discolored skin, thickened nails and shiny/dry skin |
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Term
| Three most important risk factors for atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
| Smoking, hypertension, and high serum lipids |
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Term
| Pneumonic compression devices are contraindicated in which four situations? |
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Definition
Patients with arterial occlusive disease
Severe edema
Cellulitis
Infection of extremity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Airway, breathing, circulation, defibrillation |
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Term
| Who are the four members of the code team? |
|
Definition
Someone to establish and manage airway
Someone to do chest compressions
Someone to establish IV lines and administer IV meds
Someone to document everything going on and fetch needed supplies |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreases the activity of the RAS |
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Term
| Two stages of sleep in newborns |
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Definition
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Term
| Adult sleep cycle versus newborn |
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Definition
| Sleep cycle is shorter than adults (60 mins vs 90 mins) |
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Term
| Percentage of REM sleep in newborns |
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Definition
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|
Term
| At what age do newborns acquire the four stages of NREM sleep? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| At what age do newborns acquire the four stages of NREM sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| Average total sleep in preschoolers and % of REM sleep. |
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Definition
| 12 hours, 30% (more than adults) |
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Term
| Action of L-tryptophan and six foods that contain it. |
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Definition
Decreases sleep latency and increases stage IV sleep
Milk, beef, eggs, wheat flour, turkey and corn |
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Term
| Myocardial infarction and stroke are more common at what time? |
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Definition
| In late sleep or early waking due to circadian variations of platelets, blood pressure and heart rate |
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Term
| Effects of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and low estrogen levels on sleep |
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Definition
Hyperthyroidism: fragmented, short sleep, excessive slow-wave stages
Hypothyroidism: excessive sleepiness with lack of slow-wave sleep
Low estrogen: tremendous fatigue following hysterectomy |
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Term
|
Definition
Onset insomnia: increased sleep latency
Maintenance insomnia: multiple awakenings
Early-awakening insomnia |
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Term
| Sleep-related intervention for someone with lung disease and why. |
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Definition
| Give oxygen at night. Decreased activity of accessory muscles during sleep causing sleep trouble as body awakens them to try to get more oxygen. |
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|
Term
| Epileptics are more prone to seizures when they are _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Define cataplexy, and who is prone to have it? |
|
Definition
| Profound weakness during intense emotion, reported by 70% of narcoleptics. |
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|
Term
| Clinical criteria for sleep apnea |
|
Definition
| Absence of breathing for 10+ seconds five or more times per hour |
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|
Term
| Three kinds of sleep apnea |
|
Definition
Obstructive (collapse of upper airway, arousal restores airway)
Central (neurogenic failure to trigger respirations)
Mixed (combo of above two) |
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|
Term
| Four conditions that untreated sleep apnea can lead to |
|
Definition
| Hypertension, heart attack, stroke and diabetes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Activities that are normal during waking hours but not during sleep, such as:
Somnambulism, enuresis, talking |
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|
Term
| The four characteristics of pain |
|
Definition
Intensity
Location
Quality
Temporal pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Where client identifies pain location (may be distant from site of tissue damage) |
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|
Term
| Five temporal patterns for pain |
|
Definition
Incident pain: "it hurts when I ___"
Breakthrough pain
Acute pain
Chronic pain
Malignant pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Recurring acute episodes, constant chronic pain or both associated with malignant-type process. Described as intractable and all-consuming, as in arthritis or cancer. |
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Term
| TENS is contraindicated in what kind of patient? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Four places not to place TENS pads |
|
Definition
| Eyes, carotid sinus, anterior neck or mouth |
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Term
| How soon after surgery / injury is it OK to use heat therapy. |
|
Definition
| 24 hours. Earlier than that will increase bleeding. |
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Term
| Opioid agonists vs antagonists |
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Definition
Agonists bind to specific opioid receptors (morphine)
Antagonists block opioid receptors or displace agonists from these sites (nalaxone), used to reverse effects of agonists (i.e. in overdose or respiratory depression) |
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Term
| Most common adverse effect of opioid drugs? Three others. |
|
Definition
Constipation
Nausea, vomiting, sedation |
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Term
| Define adjuvant / coanalgesic drugs, and give seven examples |
|
Definition
Modify the effects of opioids or can be analgesic on their own
Corticosteroids, antidepressants, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, caffeine, anticonvulsants, psychostimulants |
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Term
| Where is the reticular activating system located, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Medulla oblongata in the brain stem
Bringing together info from the cerebellum and other parts of the brain that obtain information from the sense organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Time each person requires to prepare for an event emotionally and physically |
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Term
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Definition
| Time needed to process an activity afterward |
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Term
| How do smoking and alcohol abuse alter sensory perceptions? |
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Definition
| Smoking causes decrease in gustatory sense; chronic alcohol abuse causes peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
| Effects of some antibiotics and CNS depressants on sensory perception. |
|
Definition
Certain antibiotics can damage hearing
CNS depressants reduce perception of stimuli |
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Term
| Brain accounts for __% of body’s total oxygen uptake |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Nutritional status and brain function (glucose, iron, vitamins, minerals) |
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Definition
| Brain needs glucose to function and consumes 25% of body’s glucose. Oxygen delivery to brain is also associated with iron intake (hemoglobin). Vitamins and minerals (electrolytes) are essential for neurologic functioning. |
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|
Term
| Which fluid and electrolyte balances are particularly important for brain function? |
|
Definition
Hyper- and hypo-:
Natremia
Kalemia
Calcemia
Glycemia |
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|
Term
| ______ in an older adult is often first sign of an infection somewhere in the body |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ in an older adult is often first sign of an infection somewhere in the body |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Expressive aphasia (definition and two other names) |
|
Definition
| (aka Broca’s motor or nonfluent aphasia): limited speech that is slow and halting, reduced grammar, poor articulation |
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|
Term
| Receptive aphasia (definition and two other names) |
|
Definition
| (aka Wernicke’s sensory or fluent aphasia): impaired auditory comprehension and feedback, person is unaware of impairment and can seem euphoric when speaking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Word-finding problem less severe than expressive aphasia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Poor speech motor control, damage to oral musculature control from CNS/PNS |
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