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Craven Ch. 41
Urinary Elimination
62
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
10/28/2010

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Cards

Term
Name of muscle that starts the micturition reflex
Definition
Detrusor
Term
What volume of urine starts the micturition reflex?
Definition
250-400 mL
Term
How much urine is retained after a normal voiding?
Definition
5-10 mL
Term
Total average daily urine output for anyone older than 14?
Definition
1200-1500 mL
Term
When would it be normal for urine to have sediment?
Definition
After it's been sitting for more than an hour
Term
What characteristics might a newborn's first voiding have?
Definition
Pink-tinged with uric acid crystals
Term
How often do newborns void, and what volume?
Definition
30-40 times per day, 15-30 mL each time
Term
Average daily urine output for newborns?
Definition
500-600 mL
Term
What's a common elimination problem for school-aged children
Definition
Nocturnal enuresis
Term
Most common causes of urinary incontinence by gender? (Unique causes for men and women, and a common one for both)
Definition
Men: prostatic hypertrophy
Women: altered perineal muscles
Both: Loss of muscle tone in bladder, ureters and urethra
Term
Which gender is more likely to experience urinary incontinence?
Definition
Women, twice as much as men
Term
True or false: Urinary incontinence is a normal/expected part of aging
Definition
False
Term
No. 1 influence for urinary elimination
Definition
Fluid intake
Term
What are three ways that nutrition contributes to hydration/urinary elimination?
Definition
1) Salty foods
2) Watery foods
3) Foods that act as diuretics
Term
Give some examples of foods that act as diuretics.
Definition
Alcohol, coffee, tea, chocolate, cola
Term
What is hydronephrosis?
Definition
Distention of renal pelvis with urine due to increased resistance from obstruction
Term
Five examples of urine flow obstructions
Definition
1) structural abnormalities
2) renal stones
3) prostatic enlargement
4) tumors
5) hydronephrosis
Term
Why is urinary retention a cause for UTIs?
Definition
Urinary stasis provides great growth medium for bacteria
Term
What are the two kind of lower UTIs?
Definition
Cystitis and urethritis
Term
What are two types of upper UTIs?
Definition
Ureteritis and kidney pelvis inflammation
Term
How many catheterized patients become infected?
Definition
The longer the catheter is in place, the more likely an infection. About half of catheterized patients become infected within one week.
Term
What urinary effect do medications with anticholinergic properties have?
Definition
They cause urinary retention
Term
What urinary effect do narcotics have?
Definition
They decrease glomerular filtration
Term
How soon should post-operative patients be able to void?
Definition
Within 8 hours
Term
Four reasons post-operative patients have difficulty urinating.
Definition
1) Low fluid
2) higher levels of ADH from stress
3) medications with urinary retention as side effect
4) anesthesia slows glomerular filtration rate
Term
Polyuria
Definition
Excessive voiding in absence of concurrent fluid intake (2500 - 3000 mL in 24 hours)
Term
Oliguria
Definition
Decreased voiding, less than 500 mL in 24 hours
Term
Anuria
Definition
Less than 100 mL of urine in 24 hours
Term
Term for voiding during normal sleeping hours
Definition
Nocturia
Term
Terms for blood in urine and pus in urine
Definition
Hematuria and pyuria
Term
Define stress incontinence
Definition
Losing small amounts of urine (<50 mL) from increased pressure (sneezing, laughing, coughing)
Term
Who would be the person most at risk for stress incontinence?
Definition
A woman who is obese, postmenopausal, and has had multiple pregnancies
Term
What is urge incontinence?
Definition
Unable to hold urine once urge is felt
Term
What is reflex incontinence?
Definition
Loss of urine at predictable intervals when a certain volume of urine is reached. Person unable to sense bladder fullness because of neurological impairment.
Term
What is functional incontinence?
Definition
Not reaching the bathroom in time
Term
What is total incontinence?
Definition
Continuous, involuntary, unpredictable loss of urine from nondistended bladder
Term
Define enuresis.
Definition
Involuntary voiding with no underlying pathophysiology after an age bladder control should be reached day and night (4 or 5)
Term
Which is more reliable in determining bladder distention, percussion or palpation?
Definition
Percussion
Term
When doing a 24-hour urine specimen, what is done with the first voiding?
Definition
It is discarded and then the clock starts.
Term
Where exactly is urine from a catheter specimen taken?
Definition
Via syringe in catheter port to maintain sterility, never from collection bag
Term
What is a normal range for specific gravity of urine?
Definition
1.005 - 1.035
Term
What are two common blood tests that screen for kidney malfunction?
Definition
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine
Term
What does BUS stand for?
Definition
Bladder ultrasound
Term
What are the six possible nursing diagnoses related to urinary function? (hint: the five types of incontinence plus one more)
Definition
Stress incontinence
Reflex incontinence
Urge incontinence
Functional incontinence
Total incontinence
Urinary retention
Term
List three important aspects of client teaching related to urinary function.
Definition
1) Water intake
2) Prevent UTIs by voiding every four hours, drinking sufficient water and knowing the symptoms
3) Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels)
Term
What is the first line of defense for altered urinary function?
Definition
Behavioral modifications
Term
List four lifestyle modifications one could make to promote urinary function.
Definition
Regulating fluid intake
Stop smoking
Control obesity
Preventing constipation
Term
Differentiate the four types of scheduled voiding regimens.
Definition
1) Timed voiding: fixed schedule, usually every two hours
2) Prompted voiding: ask every two hours about urge
3) Habit retraining: tries to approximate usual voiding pattern
4) Bladder training: scheduled voiding starts every two hours and gradually increases to every four hours
Term
What is the second line of defense for altered urinary function?
Definition
Condom catheters and absorbent products
Term
What is maceration?
Definition
Skin softening caused by continuous moisture
Term
What has a higher risk for UTI: intermittent catheterization or an indwelling catheter?
Definition
Indwelling. The longer a catheter is in, the higher the risk for infection.
Term
Difference between straight catheter and Foley catheter?
Definition
Straight = single lumen
Foley = double lumen (one for urine, one to inflate balloon)
Term
What is the purpose of a triple-lumen catheter?
Definition
Simultaneous urine removal and bladder irrigation.
Term
How often (minimum) should a urinary collection bag be emptied?
Definition
8 hours
Term
After removal of an indwelling catheter, when is the first voiding expected?
Definition
6-8 hours
Term
Is a suprapubic catheter more or less prone to UTI than a long-term indwelling catheter?
Definition
UTIs less likely with suprapubic catheter.
Term
Average daily urine output for age 2-5.
Definition
500-800 mL
Term
Average daily urine output for age 5-8.
Definition
600-1200 mL
Term
Average daily urine output for age 8-14.
Definition
1000-1500 mL
Term
What is IVP?
Definition
Intravenous pyelogram (uses dye to aid in visualizing urinary system)
Term
What puts a client at risk for being allergic to dye used in IVP?
Definition
Allergy to seafood or iodine.
Term
Nursing considerations of someone preparing for an IVP? (4 of them)
Definition
NPO, procedure done in morning, void right before procedure, assess for dye allergy
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