Hagfish

craniata

contin notochord

smaller and brown in lab

slimy skin

not a large mouth, not toothed.  wrap around prey tie a knot with body an squeeze a chunk off.

from an invagination along the doral side of embryo, called nurelation

neural creat cells makes bones of the skull.  and the skelton comes from the mesoderm

Lamprey

vertebrata

craniata

have a larger mouth, they are parasites

in lab, bluish in color

they are paraistes with barbed teeth, they lach onto fish and hitch a ride and feed

cartalgenious fishes

mermaids purses

some are live bears

hertercecal tail (asemetrical do to vert extending into to half)

have spiracles behind eyes to get more water to gills

chrondicthyes

gnathosomes

vert

looon tail

chrondicthyes

gnathosomes

vert

have rows of falt stron teeth fro crushing, feed mostly on bottom and are generalist.  use teeth from getting cruteaceous or molluscs

skates flap

rays undulate

dentiocles scales

mermaid purse egg case

sharks

chrondicthyes

denticles scles (true teeth)

have rows of teeth

carnivores

can live bear

or have mermaids purse egg case

no swim baldder, have large liver with low density oil

have spiracl intenstines

males have clasper near cloaca

bony fishes

no claspers

symetric tail

gill cover (opperculum)

true scales

rayfinned fish

structural support called rays in their fins

2 clades

chrondrosteans & Telosteans

lobbed finned fish and lunged fish

give rise to tetrapods

lungfish able to enter hibernation to retrat from dry conditions

this clade inculed staic coleocanths

"ancient actinoptergyians"

chrondrosteans

actniogypterians

osteicthyes

theses are the sturgeons gars and bichirs, look ancients, large features

continuous fins on back, not a lot of large fins

almost everything

telosteans

actinopterygians

osticthyes

ciclids

pipesifh/seahorse

moonfish

lanternfish

rockfish

hatchfish

gray marlin sucker

(if not a sturgeon gar bowfin coelcanlth lungfish, its a teloseans)

came from lungfish

branch off of the sacoptergyians

molecularly we are closer to lungfish

the fleshy lobed fines gave rise to arms and legs

feet eveolved before amphibians set foot on land

live as a tadpole as herbivous and turn into canivours adults

apoda

amphibia

sarcopterygians

look like worms

burrow in soil or swim

have teeth, they are predator

vestigal eye, but cant see, rely on chemoreceptors

powerful toxin on skin

secerte nutrtion in ovaduct for develoing fetus

frogs

tailess

treefrogs grip with hexagonal foot pads

males grip females while mating in a fashion called amplexus

fertilization is external

egges are brooded on the back in a flap or under the skin, they can also be brooded orally

some just lay in water

require moist environment for their eggs to develop

use special calls for mate attraction

projectile tounge

slamanders

2 groups

1 primitive, dependent on water

2, fully adapted for land, eggs on land too

have tadpole stages in water

have gills

fat with small limbs

some have projectile tounge

fully territiral slamanders

caudata

amphibia

sacrcopterygians

lay eggs on land and pass tadpole larval stage in egg capsule

cutaneous and oral repriation (must stay moist)

females squat onto sperm pile

some males rake back of female and drool and aprodehiac

allow for fully terristrial life

3 parts: amnion ( amniotic fluid) chorion ( protective membrane) allantois (stores waste, allows for respriation)

in some animals temp of rggs determine sex

lepidsaurs

3 groups

testudines

sphenodon

squamata

exotherms

testudines

non archasaurs

diapsid

amniotes

turtles=water

toutoise=land

rib cage forms lower plastron and upper carapace

temp dependent eggs

leatherback turtles use giantothermy to stay warm (big boday, countercurrent heat exchange i flippers, blubber)

TSD sex determination

plastron penis....cloacal kiss

crocidallia

archasaurs

diapsid

amniotes

4 chambered heart

secondary pallte, able to eat and breathe at the same time.

a lot of parental care, mothers guard their young

taurataurs

lizzard like species of NZ

colder foggy habbitat

nocturnal relict species

lizzards and snakes

squamata

lepidisaurs

diapsid

amniotes

look out for legless lizzard

fragtion lines in lizzards allow them to lose thier tail

use femoral pores to mark territory

snakes have ventral scutes

snakes molt all at once

lizzards molt in patches

setea, lamella on toe pads allow for climbing

squamata

lepidaurs

diapsid

amoniotes

jacobsons organ process tounge borne odor molecules from the environment

heat sensing IR with pit organs

bird hipped

BIRDS NOT IN THIS CLADE

vegitarians

hand to fend off predators, lots of horns

orbithischia

dinosauria

archasaurs

diapsid

ammniotes

ornithischia

dinosauria

archasauriadiapsid

lizzard hipped

BIRDS DEVELOPED FROM THIS CLADE

saurischia

dinosauria

archeasurs

diapsid

long necked and tailed vegitarians

sauropods

saurischia

dinosauria

archosaurs

birdies came from here

carnivores t-rex, veliraptor

archaeopteryx gave rise to relic hoatzin

this was a feathered dinosaur

birds have nematazied bones and are hollow for lightness in flight

these structures allow for sturcural inegrity of the bones

birds molt thruought the year to change pulmage and replace old feathers

3 types: downy (insulation) contour(steamline) flight (barbed for flight)

made of keratin

rapter, hooked beak=tearing flesh

conical beak=breaking open seeds

rear facing denticles=hold fish secure in mouth

pointed/sharp=spear fish

borad/wide beak=filter insects

niche partitioning between warblers and shorbirds, types of sediment insects depends on leg and bill length

3 caldes of mammalia

metatheria=marsupials

eutheria=placentals

protheria=egg laying montremeres

synampimorphies=fur and milk

monotremes

prototheria

mammalia

repltlie gate

lay eggs with repitlian yolk gene

secerte mily from sweat glnds on tummy

lack teeth

monotremes

prototheria

mammalia

"hedge hog like"

shortbeaked=AS

longbeaked=NG

eats ants and termites

mustelides

caniformia

canivoria

laurasiatheria

eutheria

mammalia

masupian bone

5/4 insicors

metatheria

mammalia

great faunal interchange caused all marisupilas to go extinct in SA. isolated only in AS

only have flat back molar

close kin to elephants

afrotheria

eutheria

mammalia

aramadillos, anteaters, sloths

ancient placentals

xenathara

eutheria

mammalia

hair forms protective covering of armadillos

due to egg division and single cell stage, armadillos give birth to 4 identicle babies

anteaters have long stinky barbed tounge.

highly food specialized

6 traits

claws=rip open nest

sticky barbed tounge=catch ants

no teeth=no need to chew

think fur=protect aganist ant attack

small eyes=prevent effective ant attack

hand wing

2 clades of flying mammals

chioptera

laurasiatheria

eutheria

mammalia

"flying foxes of AS"

large fruit eaters

macrochioptera

chioptera

lauarsiatheria

eutheria

mammalia

large eyes and sense of smell to lacate food

echolocating bats

blind

microcjiroptera

chiroptera

laurasiatheria

eutheria

mammalia

insctivoria

laurasiatheria

eutheria

moles many traits for burrowing

flexible hair follicle=allow for mvment is sml areas

long funny bone=leverage for digging

toothed whales

melons

dolphins=conical teeth

porpose=spade teeth

beaked whales only males have teeth

naewhal=males, one left tooth

only even toed guys have true horns

antlers:have velvet covering and blood vessels

horns: true bone growths from skull, covered with keratin

have accesory stomachs for digesting cellulose

chew a cud

artiodactyla

certiodactyla

lausratheria

eutheria

mammalia

hippos are here too

closely related to cetaceans(whales and kin)

rhinos, horses,

not a sister clade with artidactyle

do not chew a cud

mystecetes

cetaceans

certaiodactyla

laurasiatheria

eutheria

mammalia

humpback=dark with yellow hairs

gray=yellow and whispy

carniforma

carnivoria

laurasiatheria

eutheria

mammalia

dogs, bears, mustelaids, skunks

rabbits

paired upper insicors, looks like one.  one is small the other is large

lagamorpha

glives

euarchotoglives

eutheria

rodentia

euarotoglives

eutheria

ever growing pair of insicors

feliforms

carnivora

laurasiatheria

eutheria

bulla bone=where inner ear is house at base of skull

oatariidae

can walk on land=roatate pelvic girdle

xternal ears

have super orbital eye process

male sea lions have head crest

female sea lions are small

male fur seals have sml ridge on top of head

"fly"underwater, swim with front flippers

oatariidae

pinnipeds

carnformia

carnivora

laurasiatheria

eutheria

phocids

pinnipeds

carniforma

carnivora

laurasiatheria

eutheria

no external ear, undulate hind flipper to swim, pelvic girdle locked=dont walk on land well,

walrus

penis bone

odontidae

pinnipeds

carniforma

carnivoralauruasiatheria

eutheria