Blood

is made up of what?

Liquid (plasma)

Solid (RBC, WBC, platelets)

Blood/cardiovascular sys

Purpose

Transportation sys

Maintain hemostatis = cool down body/warm it

-Oxygen & hormones

Hemorrhage

Bad b/c

Major loss of blood

Severe bleeding

Cant maintain Bpressure & cant pump B out 2 body

Life-threatening

Up to 15% Blood loss

More than paper cut

EX: Donating blood

No side effects

No symptoms of Bloss

Up to 25% Bloss

Body trys to compensate w/ Vasoconstriction

Slight behavioral changes

Blood transfusion isnt typically required

Hemorrage Class 3

& Goal

Up to 30% Bloss

Need B transfusion

Wont hve enough RBCs

Bpressure drops

Heart rate increases

Shock can occur

Restless/ Anxious

Goal:

is to bring up the volume of blood so heart wont stop

More than 30% blood loss

Body will shut down in defensive mech,

Damage to organs is irreversible

Victim eventually becomes apathetic

Hemostasis

components

Vasoconstriction

Primary hemostatis

Secondary hemostatis

Fibrinolysis

Narrowing(constricting) of BVs by muscles in their walls

Thus the flow of B is SLOWED/restricted

2 prevent amount of B loss @ injury site

Defined as...

platelets activated which forms soft temporary plug

Slows down B loss

Clottting factors activate the clotting cascade

Which Hardens the plug

Makes stronger dense clot than plateletes

Break down of clot

&

Activation of new tissue (epithelial)

Drugs like

– NSAIDs-

can interact w/ diff parts of healing process,

Anti-imflammatories

NSAIDS stands for

(NSAIDS)

Aspirin

Ibuprofen

Aspirin

bad sometimes b/c

Deactivates platelles (clotting)

can cause irrerovaclable condition

b/c victim wont be able to clot for awhile

Need new cells for clotting

b/c it takes 10 days to make new cells

Ibuprofen

bad sometimes b/c

Deactivates platlettes (clotting)

but damage is reversible

But if 2 much for a long time = not good

Antibiotics 

can be bad

Kill specific types of bacteria

& when taken also kills good bacteria

Vitamin K

Needed by the liver, to make clotting factors

Bad if you develop deficiency of this

Disease

Hemophilia

Van Willebrand disease

Affects diff factors found in the clotting cascade

Involved in activation of plateletes

You cant clot/repair cuts, etc

is a bleeding disorder caused by a defect or deficiency of a blood clotting protein, called von Willebrand Factor.

which helps produce the Plug

Severe External Bleeding

Signs

If bleeding wont stop

IF they immediately soak 1st, 2nd bandages

Rule= if cut is more than an inch u need stitches

Blood will b bright red

Rapid, severe bleeding

Band-aid

Easy to slow bleeding, no side effects

Darker red Blood

Wont see pulse

Will loose blood slower than u would an artery

Can b severe

External Bleeding

CARE

Apply direct pressure

by using

Pressure bandage (band-aid, gauze-overlapping turns, pull a little bit, until u cont 2 put pressure on that wound)

CALL 9-1-1

CARE

Keep laying on bandage

watch for signs of shock

Internal Bleeding 

Causes

Signals

Physical force

Bruising,

& Shock symptoms if severe

Minor Internal Bleeding

definition

CARE

Bruise will be a reddish color

Swelling & warm to touch

CARE

Ice and elevate it

Perhaps anti-imflamatories later on

Swelling under skin

Hematomas (pocket of fluid)

& IF they cant move the bruised area

Internal Bleeding

GENERAL CARE

IF bruising randomly this may b indicative of _______

Medical symptoms(dislocations & strains) add more

Depends on location on body

& Severity of bleeding

Either CALL 9-1-1 or transport them urself

=cancer

Progressive system failure

All body systems will start 2 fail

b/c

Unable 2 meet demand for oxygen

Stages of SHOCK

list

Initial

Compensatory

Progressive

Refractory

Is reversible

No signs 2 indicate shock is occuring

Cells began to change b/c of issues w/ low oxygen

& Lack of Bflow (perfusion)

Cells cant get nutrients b/c w/o oxy our body can make the amount of energy the we need

So cells switch to anerobic metabolism

Producing pyruvic & lactic acid

(waste products that r toxic)

Body tries 2 reverse the results of the initial stage by:

Hypotension (low Bpressure) b/c of decreased Bvolume, heart rate increases & Bpressure increases

Vasopresin(hormone) released into Bstream~ helps retain fluid & triggers Vasoconstriction = 2 compensate 4 lack of Bvolume cant cont norm Bflow

Hypervenilations (increased rate in breathing) ~b/c toxic waste products build up, soo body compensates breathing changes~ May help get higher levels of oxy flowing 2 the cells & neutralize the newly acidic condition

Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail

Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells, sodium ions build up within while potassium ions leak out.

As anaerobic metabolism continues, increasing the body's metabolic acidosis, the arteriolar smooth muscle and precapillary sphincters relax such that blood remains in the capillaries^[1].

Due to this, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and, combined with histamine release, this will lead to leakage of fluid and protein into the surrounding tissues.

As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and viscosity increase,

The vital organs have failed and the shock is irreversible

Brain damage and cell death have occurred.

Death will occur imminently.

Shock symptoms of 

Compensatory Stage

Bpressure is what @ this stage

[image]

Blood pressure = normal

[image]

Blood pressure drops