Term
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Definition
| group of people that includes those who hold office and those who help get and keep them there |
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Term
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| attachment to a party that helps citizens locate themselves on the political landscape |
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Definition
| individual whose job it is to ensure that members of the party attend legislative sessions and vote as the party leadership desires |
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| democracy with no official parties |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which only one political party is legally allowed to hold power |
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| one party dominant system |
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Definition
| one in which multiple parties legally operate but in which only one particular party has a realistic chance of gaining power |
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Definition
| one in which only two major political parties have a realistic chance of holding power |
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Definition
| one in which more than two parties have a realistic chance in holding power |
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Term
| effective number of parties |
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Definition
| measure that captures both the number and size of parties in a country |
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Term
| effective number of electoral parties |
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Definition
| measure of the number of parties that win votes |
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Term
| effective number of legislative parties |
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Definition
| measure of number of parties that win legislative seats |
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Term
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Definition
| opposition to religious institutional power and influence in public and political life |
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Definition
| notion that there is a division between private life, where religion belongs, and public, life where it does not; is not necessarily hostile toward religion |
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| Michels' iron law of oligarchy |
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Definition
| leadership of organizations such as political parties will never be faithful to the program and constituency that gave rise to the organization in the first place |
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Term
| freezing hypothesis (Lipset & Rokkan) |
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Definition
| states that West European party systems became frozen following the extension of universal suffrage in most countries during the 1920's |
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Definition
| members possess some attributes, believed to be related to descent, which are shared more closely with fellow group members than with non-group members |
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Term
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Definition
| champions the interests of one ethnic category or set of categories to the exclusion of others, and does so as a central component of its mobilizing strategy |
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Definition
| characteristic that qualifies an individual for membership in an identity category |
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Definition
| social group in which an individual can place herself |
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Term
| cross cutting attributes (cleavages) |
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Definition
| country with uncorrelated attributes |
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| reinforcing attributes (cleavages) |
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Definition
| country with correlated attributes |
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Term
| mechanical effect of electoral laws |
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Definition
| refers to the way votes are translated into seats. when electoral systems are disproportional, the mechanical effect punishes small parties and rewards large parties |
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Term
| strategic effect of electoral laws |
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Definition
| the way in which votes are translated into seats influences the strategic behavior of voters and political elites |
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Term
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Definition
| decision by political elites about whether to enter the political scene under the label of their most preferred party or under the label of the most preferred with the best chance of winning |
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Term
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Definition
| the size of a country's party system depends on the complex interplay of both social and institutional factors. social divisions create the demand for political parties and electoral institutions then determine the extent to which this demand is translated into parties that win votes (electoral parties) and parties that win seats (legislative parties) |
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