Term
|
Definition
| people who think governments impose undesirable effects and see societies as naturally close-knit and egalitarian communities |
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Term
|
Definition
| freedoms which are, or should be, guaranteed to persons to protect an area of non-interference from others, particularly power holders and legal authorities |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of becoming a democracy |
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Term
|
Definition
| the common consciousness of shared origins and traditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| international organization, encompassing much of Europe, that has substantial elements of supranationality with policy processes often referred to as multi-level governance |
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Term
|
Definition
| costs and benefits which accrue to people who are not party to the economic decisions which bring them into being |
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Term
|
Definition
| organization of individuals who are legally empowered to make binding decisions on behalf of a community |
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Term
|
Definition
| inialienable moral entitlement attached to all persons equally |
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|
Term
| income and wealth inequality |
|
Definition
| the rich minority controls a majority of the wealth |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory which seeks to revere the progress of collectivism and authoritarianism |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of people with a common identity |
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Term
|
Definition
| place where national identification and the scope of legal authority coincide |
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Term
|
Definition
| government that provides basic law and order, defense and protection of property rights, but little or nothing more |
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Term
|
Definition
| ruly by the few/one group of people but not all |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of government seen in most authoritarian regimes |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference between people that affects political allegiances and policy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| attitudes, values and beliefs which underpin the operation of a particular political system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of interdependent parts with boundaries towards the outside environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| goods offered to everyone; one person's enjoyment does not detract from anyone else's |
|
|
Term
| purchasing power parity (PPP) |
|
Definition
| method used to compare economies with different currencies based on differneces in price levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political beliefs that religiously follow systems of religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| political pursuit of private gain |
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Term
|
Definition
| claim to be the ultimate political authority |
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Term
|
Definition
| political system that has sovereignty |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the condidtion that would obtain if no government existed |
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Term
|
Definition
| government constricts rights and privacy of citizens in a severe and intrusive manner |
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Term
|
Definition
| government with plans of social welfare assistance |
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Term
|
Definition
| systematic ending of a nondemocratic regime |
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Term
|
Definition
| rulers demand unquestioning obedience from the ruled |
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Term
|
Definition
| when an official transfers a benefit to an individual who may or may not be entitled to the benefit, in exchange for an illegal payment |
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Term
|
Definition
| creating a stable political system in which all the major actors seeking political influence accept democratic competition, citizen participation and the rule of law |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of institutions that allow citizens to choose the makers of public policy in free, competetive elections |
|
|
Term
| democratic responsiveness |
|
Definition
| electoral competition and free participation induce governments to do what citizens want them to do |
|
|
Term
| democratization from above |
|
Definition
| originates from current rulers |
|
|
Term
| democratization from below |
|
Definition
| pressed by mass public dissent and demonstration |
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|
Term
| economic development level |
|
Definition
| advancement of local economies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| leading government officials declare a state of emergency and curtail democratic freedoms with at least implicit backing from the armed forces |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| international environment of democracy |
|
Definition
| general feelings toward democracy of neighboring states and globally |
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Term
|
Definition
| at least some officers use the armed forces to depose civillian elected leadership |
|
|
Term
| personalistic authoritarian regime |
|
Definition
| held together by the personality and alliances of the individual leader and family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free and fair elections for the real policymakers and eligibility of all adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fair and equal laws that govern |
|
|
Term
| single-party authoritarian regime |
|
Definition
| held together by one political party (like Communist China) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free and fair elections, voting eligibility of all adults, many more civil and political liberties for all people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people come to acquire political attitudes and values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of government or administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| publicly imposed rules governming a firm or industry, especially safety and environmental rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the property that a regime's procedures for making and enforcing laws are acceptable to its subjects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attitudes, beliefs and values which underpin the operation of a particular political system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions or information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an object with moving parts that interact with a setting or environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of institutions and agencies concerned with formulating and implementing the collective goals of a society or groups within it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens with and between nations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| agencies created by the government to carry out its many functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roles of the government/tasks it is created to accomplish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activities necessary for policy to be made and implemented in any system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expression of what gruops in the government or society want and hope from politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of interests into policy options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| putting policy into effect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socialization, recruitment and communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selection of people for political activity and government offices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow of information through society and the various structures that make up the political system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| implementations of the policy process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people involved as actual or potential participants in the political process; informed and make demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passively obey government officials and the law but do not vote or actively involve themselves in politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hardly aware of government and politics |
|
|
Term
| consensual political culture |
|
Definition
| citizens tend to agree on the appropriate means of making political decisions and to agree on the major problems facing society and how to solve them |
|
|
Term
| conflictual political culture |
|
Definition
| citizens are sharply divided, often on both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller groups of political cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves explicit communication of information, values or feelings toward poitics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political views are inadvertently molded by experiences |
|
|
Term
| agents of political socialization |
|
Definition
| institutions and organizations that influence political attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social equality, environmental protection, cultural pluralism and self expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a greater public acceptance of free markets and private profit incentives, rather than a government-managed economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous groups that form suddenly when many individuals respond similarly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed specifically to represent the interests of a particular group (e.g. unions, chambers of commerce) |
|
|
Term
| channels of poitical access |
|
Definition
| methods by which individuals and interest gruops contact/influence policymakers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social and political interactions free of state control |
|
|
Term
| collective action problems |
|
Definition
| situations in which the uncoordinated actions of each player may not result in the best outcome he can achieve |
|
|
Term
| controlled interest group system |
|
Definition
| groups exist to facilitate government control of society |
|
|
Term
| democratic corporatist system |
|
Definition
| single groups represent each interest and they have considerable policy power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal, governmental, and have other political or social functions in addition to interest articulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means of communication that reach very large numbers of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups that are not organized, but are based on common interest or identity |
|
|
Term
| personal interest contact |
|
Definition
| interest articulation that involves only one person |
|
|
Term
| pluralist interest group system |
|
Definition
| multiple groups may represent an interest, membership is voluntary and they are clearly separate from government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terrorism, including assasination, armed attacks and provocation of bloodshed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collective gesture or display of disapproval |
|
|
Term
| accomodative party system |
|
Definition
| a party system that is both conflictual and consensual |
|
|
Term
| authoritarian party system |
|
Definition
| noncompetitive, seek to dierect society, state run |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simply try to build electoral support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the parties commanding most of the legislative seats are not too far apart on policies and have a reasonable amount of trust in each other and in the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legislature is dominated by parties far apart on issues or are antagonistic toward each other and the system |
|
|
Term
| exclusive governing party |
|
Definition
| insists on control over political resources by party leadership |
|
|
Term
| inclusive governing party |
|
Definition
| recognizes and attempts to coordinate various social groups |
|
|
Term
| single-member district plurality election rule |
|
Definition
| winner of more votes than opponents wins seat |
|
|
Term
| majoritarian two-party system |
|
Definition
| dominated by 2 parties or have 2 substantial parties and election laws that usually create legislative majorities for one of them |
|
|
Term
| majority-coalition system |
|
Definition
| parties establish open, pre-electoral coalitions to work together to form a government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| military controls government, rather than a civil system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system with more than 2 dominant parties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure in which central officeholder, authority figure, or group provides benefits to supporters in return for their loyalty |
|
|
Term
| proportional representation |
|
Definition
| the number of legislative representatives a party wins depends on the overall proportion of votes it recieves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large executive organization of government, system of public administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaders of all major departments into which the executive branch is divided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| officials at the very top of the executive branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bills become law or edicts are issued, pivitoal stage in political process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some central power, soem power vested in states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper levels of government jobs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of president before term is up, usually only if they're guilty of a crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| courts' ability to police other branches of government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| investigators of citizen claims that they have suffered damage or injury because of government action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| income taxes and taxes on capital gains and wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distribution of money, goods, services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking of money, goods, persons and services from domestic and international environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total value of goods and services produced by a country's residents in a year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes sales tax, value-added taxes, excise taxes and customs duties |
|
|
Term
| neo-traditional political system |
|
Definition
| emphasize stability, slowly modernize |
|
|
Term
| Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development |
|
Definition
| advanced, modernized, free-market democracies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the purpose of a particular policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people desire from policy, namely fairness and freedom |
|
|
Term
| poitical goods and values |
|
Definition
| values that motivate policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legislature and executive are interdependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| values regarding the political process, including participation, compliance and procedural justice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| authoritative public decisions that governments make |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of compulsion and inducement to enforce extractive and distributive compliance or otherwise bring about desired behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by governments to exhorts citizens to desired forms of behavior, often to build a sense of community or celebrate exemplary conduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| values that reflect the functioning and effectiveness of the whole political system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extraction for governmental purposes of money or goods from members of a political system for which they see no immediate or direct benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expert who is a member of a highly skilled, elite group |
|
|
Term
| The larger the country, the more likely it is to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the overall output of the domestic economy. |
|
|
Term
| The largest country in the world (by area) is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Political decisions taking place within a politically defined community is called a(n) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When those who are ruled believe that the rulers have a 'right' to rule, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a country has a multitude of different nations, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following are public goods EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term "nation" refers to |
|
Definition
| the self-identification of a people. |
|
|
Term
| Creating a national identity is considered the least problematic in the country of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The generally accepted event and date for the emergence of the state system is |
|
Definition
| the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). |
|
|
Term
| Coercion generally refers to |
|
Definition
All of the above
(dominance, access to money, differential access to resources, use of force) |
|
|
Term
| The Third Wave of democratization includes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about religious fundamentalism is true? |
|
Definition
| It is based on the sacred texts of various religions. |
|
|
Term
| Libertarians see society as composed of |
|
Definition
| individual human beings with fundamental human rights. |
|
|
Term
| Since the end of the cold war, the largest group of new states in the world is in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following states fosters and promotes civil liberties and civil rights? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The idea of sovereignty is closely associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most widespread religion in the world is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A system of government that provides ONLY basic law and order, defense and protection of property rights is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following economic measures takes into account differences in price levels across countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individuals with interests in keeping government powerful and restricting change are generally in favor of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 1997-1999 Balkan wars were between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Political decision making in the United States would include all of the following examples EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fastest growing religion in the world is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A and B
(interdependent parts, boundaries towards the environments with which it interacts) |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Hobbes thought that the state of nature was |
|
Definition
| inhospitable and full of conflict. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The social and educational results of public expenditures |
|
Definition
| varies significantly with each country. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are true of comparative politics EXCEPT it |
|
Definition
| leads to a static, unchanging analytical explanation. |
|
|
Term
| The major reason(s) for the study of comparative politics includes |
|
Definition
All of the above
(more critical evaluation of systems, understanding other parts of the world, analysis of the future possibilities, identifying and evaluating the causes and effects of good government) |
|
|
Term
| Large-N studies are associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in the distribution of power in Russia effected |
|
Definition
All of the above
(the policies of government, only the policy inputs, the structures and institutions of government, the output of government) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| object with moving parts that interacts with an environment. |
|
|
Term
| A conceptual framework is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When something looks like a relationship between two variables, but is caused by a third factor that both have in common, there seems to be a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Political structures that develop, reinforce and transform attitudes of political significance in the society are part of political |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of comparative politics includes all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we speak of the structural-functional mapping of government and politics that helps us understand how different political processes interact at any one time, we are studying |
|
Definition
| agencies and institutions. |
|
|
Term
| The idea of comparing cultures and political institutions |
|
Definition
| is a rather traditional practice. |
|
|
Term
| Stability and flexibility of a government indicates |
|
Definition
| the presence of a relatively strong government. |
|
|
Term
| The role of institutions and agencies is |
|
Definition
All of the above.
(the formulation of collective goals of society, the implementing of collective goals of society, setting rules and formulating laws for the best society possible, framework for law making and constitutions) |
|
|
Term
| The authors use the term ________ to refer to those individuals who are not aware of government and politics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Change in cultural norms is usually characterized as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three levels of political culture used by the authors of the text include all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Participants are generally |
|
Definition
| involved in the political process. |
|
|
Term
| A "fundamental understanding between citizens and political authorities" refers to a regime's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The legitimacy of a regime may be based on |
|
Definition
All of the above
(evaluation of policy performance, tradition, competitive elections, ideology) |
|
|
Term
| Among democracies, political satisfaction is lowest when |
|
Definition
| the institutions are new and have low scores in democracy. |
|
|
Term
| Democratization is supported by |
|
Definition
| social modernization and economic development. |
|
|
Term
| When political sub-cultures coincide with ethnic, national, or religious differences, |
|
Definition
| the divisions tend to be enduring and conflictual. |
|
|
Term
| Which pattern of citizens' involvement in the political process is seen in industrialized authoritarian states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a modern industrial democracy, the percentage of "participant citizens" is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expectations with regard to functioning of government are generally concerned with policy outputs and/or |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Religious fundamentalism is a phenomenon |
|
Definition
| widespread throughout the world. |
|
|
Term
| The arguments of big government versus small government, socialist versus market-based economies, and interventionist versus minimalist strategies in social welfare are basically arguments over |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic commitment to the political system is a reflection of |
|
Definition
All of the above
(identity, national pride, political socialization, history) |
|
|
Term
| Political socialization refers to |
|
Definition
| formation of political attitudes. |
|
|
Term
| Political culture refers to |
|
Definition
| distribution of political attitudes. |
|
|
Term
| The basic way in which peer groups socialize members is by |
|
Definition
| motivating them to conform the group. |
|
|
Term
| Culture can be influenced by |
|
Definition
All of the above
(economic development, post-material values, modernization, democratization) |
|
|
Term
| The mass media is important in |
|
Definition
All of the above
(the developed world, the underdeveloped world, the non-English speaking world, the English speaking world) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The socialization structure most responsible for changing attitudes toward authority is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a factor in socialization, education |
|
Definition
| may be both divisive and inclusive. |
|
|
Term
| Political trust is essential to the stability of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Violence is usually associated with |
|
Definition
| systems with low levels of legitimacy. |
|
|
Term
| Political socialization as a result of direct transmission is |
|
Definition
| explicit communication of information and values. |
|
|
Term
| Citizens in countries with a centralized and autocratic government are |
|
Definition
| less likely to participate in public demonstrations and protests. |
|
|
Term
| Protest demonstrations are most effective when |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every political system has some way for citizens and social groups to express their needs and demands to government. This is the process of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A "free rider" is an individual who |
|
Definition
| shares in the collective benefits without sharing the cost. |
|
|
Term
| A group which has a base of individuals with enduring common interests, ethnicity, region, religion or occupation, but no formal structure is called a(n) __________ group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pluralist system is distinguished by |
|
Definition
| competition between and among autonomous associational groups. |
|
|
Term
| Better educated and higher social status individuals |
|
Definition
| may have feelings of political efficacy and civic duty. |
|
|
Term
| The concept of "relative deprivation" as developed by Ted Gurr is used to explain |
|
Definition
| frustration, discontent and anger that motivates social aggression. |
|
|
Term
| Institutional groups may include all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| Polish workers out on strike. |
|
|
Term
| Controlled interest group systems are most common in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Terrorism is least effective when confronted by |
|
Definition
| a united democratic leadership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pluralist interest group system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All of the above
(may involve protests, is a frequent form of political expression in advanced industrial democracies, has been a strategy for nearly one-third of Americans, may involve demonstrations) |
|
|
Term
| Individual access to the influential is normally |
|
Definition
| legitimate but ineffective. |
|
|
Term
| A group in which many individuals respond spontaneously to a frustration, disappointment, or strong emotion, but which has no prior organization or planning is called a(n) _______ group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bureaucracies are major access channels because they do all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in Eastern Europe in the past 10 years has been most apparent in the growth of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effectiveness of mass media is limited by all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| its ability to mobilize support. |
|
|
Term
| The most common and best known form of political participation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The purpose of interest articulation is to determine what public and social groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A corporatist interest group system is characterized by |
|
Definition
| systematic involvement of businesses or other interest groups in making and implementing policy. |
|
|
Term
| Association groups may include all of the following EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes a personal interest contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A society that is characterized by social and political interaction free of state control or regulation is called a(n) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In authoritarian systems with inclusive governing parties |
|
Definition
| autonomy of groups are recognized. |
|
|
Term
| The patron-client relationship is found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In systems where national interests are not aggregated at the level of elections, it is common that the aggregation of interests occurs at the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reversal of democratization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control all policymaking. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT an outcome of interest aggregation? |
|
Definition
| The loss in authority of interest groups. |
|
|
Term
| Neither majoritarian nor multiparty systems tend to work when there is |
|
Definition
| extreme antagonism between and among parties. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a trend in party aggregation? |
|
Definition
| The increase of ideology in political parties. |
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Term
| Political parties are important interest aggregators in |
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Definition
| both democratic and non-democratic systems. |
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Term
| Political parties in democratic nations |
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Definition
All of the above
(are important in political socialization, articulate interests, represent many interests, shape the political culture) |
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Term
| Interest aggregation in authoritarian party systems is constrained by all of the following EXCEPT |
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Definition
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Term
| If the party system has mixed characteristics of both consensual and conflictual, based on religion, ethnicity, or social class divisions, it is classified as |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following statements concerning elections are true EXCEPT |
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Definition
| elections guarantee a democratic government. |
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Term
| Military forces as interest aggregators and leaders of governments are unique in that they: |
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Definition
| maintain a monopoly on coercive force. |
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Term
| All of the following are true concerning proportional representation EXCEPT |
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Definition
| it is often referred to as the plurality system. |
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Term
| If a political party in the United States wishes to win a majority it tends to |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are true about "first past the post" system EXCEPT |
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Definition
| it is most often used in Europe. |
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Term
| Conflictual party systems can lead to all of the following EXCEPT |
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Definition
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Term
| The United States and Britain are contemporary examples of |
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Definition
| consensual majoritarian systems. |
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Term
| Authoritarian political systems |
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Definition
| have only one political party. |
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Term
| Institutions that aggregate interests include all of the following EXCEPT |
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Definition
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Term
| In multiparty competitive systems, elections generally yield |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of "left-right" orientations, the bulk of the voters in the United States are |
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Definition
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Term
| In authoritarian party systems interest aggregation: |
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Definition
| takes place within the ranks of the party. |
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Term
| When parties commanding most of the legislative seats are not too far apart on politics and have a reasonable amount of trust in each other and in the political system, this is called |
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Definition
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