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| a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations |
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| viewed on a smaller scale, relating to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time |
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| viewed on a larger scale relating to formation of a new species or groups of species (new species are established) |
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| group of related organisms that share a distinctive form, function |
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| British naturalist that developed a theory of evolution, presented it at a meeting of the Linnaean society and published ideas in 1859 (called Origin of Species) |
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| Linnaeus, Cuvier, James Hutton, Charles Lyell, and Lamarck |
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| the 5 people that influence Darwin's thinking |
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| person that suggested that unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and struggle for existence |
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| S. America, Australia, Africa |
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| 3 continents visited on Darwin's voyage on the Beagle to assess resources |
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| lower strata in the earth have more _____ forms and upper strata have more _____ forms. |
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| the study that has allowed us to understand the relationship between traits and heritability. |
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| fishapod (Tiktaalik roseae) |
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| suggested to be a transitional form between fish and tetrapods, provides link between earlier and late forms |
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| study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species |
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| 2 different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, occupy similar environments |
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| the similarity of structure in 2 species attributed to a common ancestor with that structure |
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| anatomical, developmental, molecular, genetic |
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| 4 different types of homology |
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| type of barrier that prevents the formation of a zygote; includes habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation |
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| type of barrier that blocks development of viable, fertile individuals; includes hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown |
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| occurs when some members of a species became geographically separated and then diverge |
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| single species evolves into array of descendents that differ greatly in habitat, former behavior |
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| occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into 2 or more different species. |
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| alteration of generations |
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| sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase; the spores of the latter reinitiate the haploid phase |
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| plants that do not reproduce the first year but may the following year |
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| cell division, growth, cell specialization, and apoptosis |
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| 4 essential processes of growth and development |
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| apical, primary, secondary |
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| 3 generalized types of meristems |
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| leaves that have pinnate or palmate venation |
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| morphological species concept, biological species concept, evolutionary/phylogenetic species concept, ecological species concept |
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| 4 different ways/concepts of defining species |
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| primarily responsible for transport of organic nutrients (dissolved sugars) from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant (flow can occur in both directions depending on time of year) |
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| upward directed appendage, allows for gas exchange |
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| "master" plant hormone; influences plant structure, development, and behavior in many ways |
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| the behavioral response in plants due to touch. ex: grasping behavior of vine tendrils |
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| red and far-red light receptors |
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| nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur |
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| ammonia (NH3), ammonium ion (NH4+), and nitrate ion (NO3-) |
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| the three "fixed" forms of nitrogen |
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| Mycorhizzal (plant-fungus) associations |
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| relationship between plants and fungi where the fungi live within root tissues or envelop root surfaces. Fungi obtain organic food from plant while fungi supplies water and mineral nutrients |
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sympatric speciation...
(a)has been observed by recent centuries
(b)may involve sudden changes in the number of sets of chromosomes in plants
(c) may occur within a population that occupies the same geographic range
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above |
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Which of the following is NOT a primary meristem?
(a) protoderm
(b) procambium
(c) cork cambium
(d) ground meristem
(e)all of the above(none are primary meristems) |
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Parallel venation is a characteristic of:
(a) stems of monocots
(b) leaves of monocots
(c) stems of eudicots
(d) leaves of eudicots
(e) roots of flowering plants |
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upward-directed roots that are thought to aid in gas exchange in trees that live in swampy areas are called:
(a) pneumataphores
(b) prop roots
(c) buttress roots
(d) tap roots
(e) fibrous roots |
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Microevolution is best described as:
(a) evolution of single-celled organisms
(b) the formation of new species or groups of species through natural selective processes
(c) changes in the genetic composition of a population of a particular species over time
(d) evolution that occurs in very small, almost indistinguishable steps |
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A limitation of the biological species concept is that:
(a) it cannot be used in sexually reproducing species
(b) it cannot be used in asexually reproducing species
(c) in many cases, ancestral relationships are not agreed upon by evolutionary biologists
(d) fossil species cannot be assessed using this concept
(e) b and d
(f) a and c |
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which of the following describes I(most directly) a typical biogeography-related mechanism for the origin of new species
(a)a global catastrophic event causes massive worldwide extinctions, leaving only a small number of species to diversity evolutionarily
(b) exposure to radioactive minerals causes a higher mutation rate, promoting faster evolutionary processes
(c) a rising mountain range separates members of a single species into 2 distinct populations with distinct selective pressures bringing about evolutionary change.
(d) all of the above |
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carbon-14 radiometric dating relies on...
(a)volcanic rock intrusions into sedimentary strata
(b)an assumption that the production of 14C in the upper atmosphere has been constant through earth's history
(c)the presence of organic material (material derived from the remains of living things) in sedimentary strata
(d) the presence of living organisms in sedimentary strata
(e) b and c
(f) a and d |
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the most common response in plants that is stimulated by cytokinins is:
(a) an increase in the size of affected cells
(b) programmed cell death
(c) cell division
(d) dropping/losing leaves
(e) none of the above |
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the main cell type that is used in transport through phloem tissues is called:
(a) tracheid
(b) vessel element
(c) sieve tube element
(d) companion cells
(e) none of the above |
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of the following individuals, who is most closely associated with the concept of geological uniformitarianism (a concept that was influential in the development of Darwin's theory)
(a) Linnaeus
(b) Lamarck
(c) Hutton
(d) Malthus
(e) Aristotle |
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Which of the following are general features of the fossil record?
(a) simpler species generally found in lower/deeper fossil strata, more complex forms in higher strata
(b) new structures/forms often appear suddenly in the fossil record
(c) the rate of change in the structures and forms found in fossil organisms seems uniform
(d) a and b
(e) a and c |
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Which of the following are fixed forms of nitrogen?
(a) ammonia (NH3)
(b) ammonium (NH4+)
(c) nitrate (NO3-)
(d) nitrogen gas (N2)
(e) a,b, and c |
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auxin transport that occurs on lateral or basal surfaces of plant cells occurs largely due to:
(a)free diffusion
(b)transport through AUX1 influx carrier proteins
(c)transport through PIN transport proteins
(d) the movement of water in the xylem tissue
(e) none of the above
(d) |
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Which of the following views suggest that Genesis days are meant to be interpreted as a ordered chronological account, but that the "days" actually represent long period?
(a) Day-Age interpretation
(b) framework view
(c) theistic evolution
(d) analogical days
(e) none of the above |
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| anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent function (but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors) |
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| 2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene |
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| the splitting of lineages |
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| non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis, self-fertilization |
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| results from cross-fertilization between 2 species |
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| a gametophyte is (a) haploid (b) diploid |
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| a sporophyte is (a) haploid (b) diploid |
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| plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life |
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| plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seed every year of maturity |
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| rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branch; produces shoot stem |
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| rapidly dividing cells at root tips; produces root system |
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| type of primary meristem that generates epidermis |
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| type of primary meristem that produces vascular tissues (primary xylem and phloem) |
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| type of primary meristem that produces ground tissues (cortex and pith) |
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| structure that surrounds the established stem of a plant and causes it to grow laterally(girth and diameter) |
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| vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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| the 2 types of secondary meristems |
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| leaves that have only one blade; advantageous in shade by producing maximal light absorption |
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| leaves that are dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation |
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| __________ leaves have parallel venation |
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| leaf surface feature on epidermis helps avoid dessication, filter UV radiation, and reduce microbe and animal attack |
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| leaf surface features that regulate stomatal opening and closing |
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| leaf surface features that offer protection from excessive light, UV radiation, extreme air temperature or attacks from herbivores |
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| herbaceous (non-woody) plants produce mostly ___________ vascular tissues |
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| woody plants produce __________ vascular tissue |
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| morphological species concept |
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| species concept that states species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits |
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| biological species concept |
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| species concept that states a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species; defined by reproductive isolation in natural environments |
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| evolutionary/phylogenetic species concept |
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| species concept that states as a species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
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| ecological species concept |
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| species concept that states members of a given species compete with each other for survival within their own niche |
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| primarily responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant bodies; in vascular bundle, located towards the stem |
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| above ground creeping stems |
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| type of root that originates form the stem, supports the plant |
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| type of root with broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees |
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| type of auxin transport that flows down in shoots and into roots |
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| chemicals that help plants respond to environmental stresses such as flooding, drought, high salinity, cold, heat, and attack by micro organisms and herbivores |
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| growth in plants that occurs in response to the force of gravity |
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| blue-light receptors in plants that help young seedlings determine if light environment is bright enough for photosynthesis |
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| plants that flower in spring or early summer when the night period is shorter (and thus the day length is longer) than a defined period |
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| plants that flower only when the night length is longer than a defined period such as in late summer, fall or winter when days are short |
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| plants that flower regardless of the night length, as long as day length meets the minimal requirements for plant growth |
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| beneficial substance metabolized by or incorporated into an organism |
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| nutrients required in amounts of at least 1 g/kg of plant dry matter |
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| micronutrients/ trace elements |
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| nutrients requiredin amounts at or less than 0.1 g/kg |
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| typically 90% of weight of living plants |
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| plant-prokaryote symbiosis |
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| symbioses that provide fixed nitrogen and bacteria supplies plants w/ more fixed nitrogen than they could get from soil |
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| legume-rhizobia symbioses |
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| symbioses where bacteria live in the root cells of legumes |
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| greek philosopher that believed in an ordered "ladder of life" with each rung occupied (no room for change) |
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| father of taxonomy who believed the classifications kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) were not attempts to establish evolutionary relationships |
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| Person that interpreted fossil strata as record of life's history |
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