Term
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Definition
| Physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens ion channels in the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-Sense touch and light pressure
-Lie just beneath skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
-Located much deeper beneath the surface
-Respond to deep pressure and vibration |
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Term
| How do stretch receptors work? |
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Definition
| Stretching alters proteins in cell membrane, causing ion channels to open, and causing membrane to depolarize |
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Term
| What is one of the two examples of stretch receptors given? |
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Definition
-Stretching of stomach wall is interpreted as fullness
-Stretching in blood vessels provides blood pressure information |
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Term
| What happens to ion channels when cilia bend? |
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Definition
| Ion channels open or close when cilia bend which changes membrane potential. The frequency influenced by the direction of bending |
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Term
| Where are such cilia found? |
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Definition
| Found in the vertebrate ear and organs, body surface of fish and some amphibians |
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Term
| What makes up the lateral line system (what kind of receptors)? |
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Definition
| Hair cells in a canal system of fish. |
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Term
| What does the lateral line system detect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of complete waves in a second measured in hertz (Hz) |
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Term
| Short wavelengths have low freqencies. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower frequencies are percieved as lower pitch. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main compartments of the ear? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is in the outer ear? |
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Definition
-The pinna and auditory canal
-It's separated from middle ear by ear drum |
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Term
| What is in the middle ear? |
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Definition
| It includes ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) that connect eardrum to oval window |
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Term
| What is in the inner ear? |
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Definition
| It includes the cochlea (audition) and vestibular system (equilibrium, balance, proprioception) |
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Term
| What connects to the pharynx to equalize pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| After sound waves enter the outer ear, the _______ membrane vibrates back and forth |
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Definition
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Term
| ______s transfer vibration to oval window. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ossicles send pressure waves through cochlea. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What overall process happens in the organ of corti? |
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Definition
| Mechanical forces transduced into electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Small round chambers lined with hair cells and contain statoliths (dense mineral crystals) |
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Term
| Where is the vestibular system located in vertebrates? |
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Definition
| Located in inner ear next to cochlea |
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Term
| ______ and ________ detect linear movements of the head |
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Definition
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Term
| When head moves inertia causes calcium carbonate statoliths (which are embedded in a gelatinous substance) to lag behind and bend cilia changing the membrane potential. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the utricle senses horizontal movements or vertical movements? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ senses vertical acceleration |
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Definition
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Term
| Each semicircular _________ is oriented in one of 3 planes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is electromagnetic sensing? |
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Definition
| It's the detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli |
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Term
| Name some examples of EM sensing. |
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Definition
Fish detect electrical signals from other fish
Platypus bill can detect electrical currents from prey
Homing pigeons use magnetite to accurately navigate
Pit vipers sense infrared radiation (heat) from prey |
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Term
| What do photoreceptors do? |
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Definition
| Photoreceptors detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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Term
| Name 3 of the 4 listed characteristics of the platyhelmenthes photoreceptor system. |
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Definition
-Simple visual organ
-Eyecup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detects presence or absence of light
-Layer of pigment casts shadows, so can detect direction of light
-Does not form visual images |
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Term
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Definition
| A transparent tube that transports light from lens to pigment cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Its pigment cells surrounding rhabdom serve as photoreceptors |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of compound eyes? |
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Definition
| Extremely sensitive to movement, but less resolving power than single-lens eye |
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Term
| What creatures have single lens eyes? |
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Definition
| Vertebrates, some mollusks (squid and octopus), and in some snails and annelids |
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Term
| How is light transmitted in a single lens eye? |
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Definition
| Light transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye |
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Term
| ______ trigger electrical changes in neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Strong outer white sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous with sclera but thin and clear |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil |
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Term
| What features does a rod have that cones don't? What's the difference between them? |
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Definition
RODS:
-Sensitive to low intensity light
-Do not discriminate colors
-Used mostly at night |
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Term
| What features does a cone have that rods don't? What's the difference between them? |
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Definition
CONES:
-Require more light for stimulation
-Detect color
-Fewer cones than rods in human retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does chemoreception work, generally speaking? |
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Definition
| Chemicals bind to chemoreceptor cells, initiating signals that cause release of neurotransmitters from the chemoreceptor cell. Neurotransmitters initiate electrical responses in neurons that extend axons into the brain |
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Term
| Olfactory sensitivity on mammals is highly variable. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding of chemical ______ results in action potentials being sent to olfactory bulb at the base of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Taste buds are clusters of chemosensory cells that detect particular molecules in food molecules dissolved in saliva |
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Term
| Where are tastebuds located? |
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Definition
| In folds of tongue papillae |
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Term
| Tips of sensory receptor cells in tastebud have _______ that extend into taste pore |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to support, protection, and locomotion called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of skeletons? |
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Definition
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton |
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Term
| What is a hydrostatic skeleton? |
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Definition
| Water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle |
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Term
| How does the hydrostatic skeleton work? |
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Definition
| It uses water. Water is nearly incompressible, so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
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Term
| What are some examples of the hydrostatic skeleton in creatures? |
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Definition
Cnidarians – body, tentacles can elongate or shorten
Echinoderms- movement of tube feet
Earthworms – move forward by passing a wave of muscular contractions along the length of the body |
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Term
| What is the structure of an exoskeleton? |
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Definition
| External plating surrounding and protecting body |
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Term
| External skeletons don't really differ in complexity, thickness, and durability. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do these creatures with exoskeletons move? |
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Definition
| Interior muscles connected to exoskeletal components for movement. |
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Term
| Endoskeletons protect the body surface, internal organs, and other structures. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. They don;t protect the body surfaces. |
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Term
| Name some creatures with endoskeletons. |
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Definition
| Sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates. |
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Term
| What are the two main divisions or parts of the vetebrate endoskeleton? |
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Definition
Axial – main longitudinal axis (skull, spinal column, ribs)
Appendicular – limb bones and girdles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed where 2 or more bones come together |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for rotational movements. |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a ball-and-socket joint: |
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Definition
| Movement in several planes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle is a grouping of contractile cells (muscle fibers) bound together by connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tendons link bones to skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Why are Muscles, bones, and joints arranged in lever systems? |
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Definition
-Lever system amplifies the velocity of muscle shortening
-For instance, short, relatively slow movements of a muscle produce faster movements of the hand. |
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Term
| Each myofibril composed of a series of sarcomere units. What do these units do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are muscle cells arranged with regards to one another? |
|
Definition
| They are arranged into parallel muscle bundles. |
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Term
| What kind of muscle is skeletal muscle? Smooth or striated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Junction of motor neuron’s axon and muscle fiber |
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Term
| Axon branches into ______s. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Na+ flows into muscle cell leading to depolarization and an action potential
. True or false? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates atria and ventricles? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can mammalian hearts generate their own periodic action potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nervous input can increase or decrease rate. True or false? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____ is a collection of modified cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentials |
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Definition
| Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) |
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Term
| Ventricles contract alternately forcing blood seperately through semilunar valves into systemic or pulmonary arteries. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. Both ventricles contract together forcing blood through semilunar valves into systemic or pulmonary arteries. |
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Term
| What are the two heart beat phases? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the diastole phase? |
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Definition
| The atria contract and ventricles fill (systemic blood pressure lowest) |
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|
Term
| What happens in the systole phase? |
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Definition
| The ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systemic blood pressure highest) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid connective tissue in closed circulatory systems |
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Term
| Name the four prominent components of vertebrae blood. |
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Definition
| -Plasma, Erythrocytes, Platlets, and Leukocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
Made up of water and solutes
Functions in buffering, water balance and cell transport
-Contains dissolved proteins, gases, minerals, nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
-Made up of red blood cells
-Oxygen transport using hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation) |
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Term
|
Definition
-White blood cells
-Defend body against infection and disease |
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Term
| Are capillaries the smallest vessels in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What vessels are the site of nutrient and gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillary networks drain into ______s. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what pressure does blood enter capillaries (high or low)? |
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Definition
| High, hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| Under what pressure does blood leave the capillaries? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What creates the osmotic force that draws fluid back into the blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system collects fluid that is not recaptured? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They are the junctions of capillaries and have very thin walls. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thinner and less elastic vessels that return blood to the heart. |
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Term
| What are some of veins' characteristics? |
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Definition
-Smooth muscle contractions help propel blood
-Veins squeezed by skeletal muscles
-Flow is directed by unidirectional valves. |
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