Term
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Definition
| Incoming stimuli (chemicals or physical stimuli from an animal's body or the external environment) are conversions into neural signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conscious awareness of sensations. Not all sensations are consciously perceived by an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction, creating gradient potential in the same or adjacent cell. Can be epithelial or neuron cells. Is response is strong enough, action potential is sent to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor type. Transduce mechanical energy |
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Term
| Electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Photoreceptors: response to light energy. Thermoreceptors: response to heat energy. Infrared, ultraviolet receptors, magnetic fields. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responses to different chemicals |
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Term
| Nociceptors (pain receptors) |
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Definition
| respond to extreme of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to a certain molecules like acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens ion channels in the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stretching alters proteins in cell membrane, causing ion channels to open, and causing membrane to depolarize. Action potentials initiated, sent to the CNS. Makes you feel full. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized epithelial cells. Cilla resembles hairs. Frequency of ion channels opening or closing to do with the direction of the bending. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron to respond to membrane changes (depolarizing). Sense, touch, and light pressure. Lie just beneath skin surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located much deeper beneath skin surface. respond to deep pressure and vibration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hair cells detect the changes in water currents. Cillia of hair cells protrude into cupola structure within lateral line canal system. When cupola moves, villa bend, and neurotransmitter is released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abililty to detect and interpret sound waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from the peak of one sound wave to next. Lower wavelengths have lower frequencies perceived as a lower pitch. |
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Term
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Definition
| number of complete waves in a second (Hz). Shorter wavelengths have high frequency, perceived as high pitch or tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pinna and auditory canal. Separated from middle ear by eardrum. Funnels sounds waves into middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ossicles (maleus, incus, and stapes( connect eardrum to oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| Cochlea (audition) and vestibular system, (equilibrium, balance, proprioception) Eustachian tube - connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure, between middle ear and atmospheric pressure). |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body. Many aquatic (shrimp) invertebrates have statocytes to send positional information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli. |
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Term
| Non-light electromagnetic reception examples |
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Definition
| Fish detect electrical fields/signals from other fish. Platypus bill can detect electrical currents from prey. Homing pigeons use magnetic to accurately navigate. Pit vipers sense infrared radiation (heat) from prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave. |
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Term
| Photoreception in Planaria |
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Definition
| Platyhelminthes--> eye sockets are pits. Does not form visual images, just directional light. Eyecup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detect presence or absence of light. Pigment layer casts shadows, so can detect direction of light. |
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Term
| Compound eyes of arthropods |
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Definition
| Extremely sensitive to light movement, but not as much resolution as single-compound eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ommatidia: light detectors. Each unit makes up one facet. Lens and crystalline cone focus light onto rhabdom (transparent tube). Retinula cells surrounding the rhabdom serve as photoreceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eye spots allow for light detection only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in vertebrates, some mollusks (squid and octopus) and some snails/annelids. Light transmitted through pupil to retina at back of eye. Photorecptors trigger electrical charges in neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue surrounding eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous with sclera but thin and clear |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil (what thames in light). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitive to low intensity light. Does not discriminate colors. Used mostly at night. Outer segment contains pigment. Inner segment contains cell body with nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter filled with vesicles fused with membrane, interact with postsynaptic neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Require more light for stimulation. Detect color. Fewer cones than rods in human retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opsin protein an retinal complex. Retinal - vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy. Opsin - Rhodopsin (red pigments) and cone pigments (humans have 3, red, green and blue, distinctive photopsins, some species have less, birds have 5. |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfaction - sense of smell. Gustation - sense of taste. Chemicals bind to chemoreceptor cells, causing the release of neurotransmitter form the chemoreceptor cells. Neurotransmitters initiate electrical responses on neurons that extend axons into the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitivity depends on the density of olfactory receptor cells (5 million in humans vs. 220 million in days). Only one type of odor receptor expressed per olfactory receptor cell. Olfactory bulb - binds results in action potentials being sent to this at the base of the brain. Overall smell sensation depends on which set of olfactory receptor cells are activated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taste buds are clusters of chemosensory cells that detect particular molecules in food molecules dissolved in saliva. They are located in folds of tongue pallet. Tips of taste receptor cells in taste bud have microvilli that extend into taste pore. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to support, protection, and locomotion. Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle. Water is nearly incompressible, so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body. |
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Term
| Examples of hydrostatic skeleton |
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Definition
| Cnidarians: body, tentacles can extend or retract. Echinoderms: movement of the tube feet. Earthworms: move forward by passing a wave of muscular contraction along the length of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| External skeleton surrounding and protecting the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthropods - made chitin, segmented for movement, shed then to grow. Interior muscles connected to exoskeletal components for movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal structures. Do not protect body surface, only internal organs and other structures. Sponges (spiculles), echinoderms (ossicles), and vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 parts: Axial - main longitutidal axis (skull, spinal column, ribs). Appendicular - limb bones and girdles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed where 2 or more bones come together. Pivot joints: provide rotational movement (neck). Hinge joints" movement in on e plane (elbow). Ball and socket joint: movement in several planes (shoulder). |
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Term
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Definition
| Grouping of contractile cells (muscle fibers) bound together by connective tissue. Tendons link bones to skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amplifies the velocity of muscle shortening. Short, relatively short movements of the muscle produce faster movements of the body. |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle tissue organization |
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Definition
| Cells (muscle fibers) contain many parallel arranged long protein fibers (myofibrils) along their length. Each myofibril composed of series sarcomere units (contractile, composed of interdigitated protein fibers). Muscle cells are packaged in parallel into muscle bundles. A group of muscle bundles forms a muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle is a form of straited muscle. Named for striped microscopic pattern of myofibrils. Straited pattern shows functional structure of contractile filaments in sacromeres. Sarcomeres made of interdigitating thick an thin filaments. Thick filaments made of myosin. Thin filaments contain actin, tryponin, and tropomyosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction of motor neuron's axon and muscle fibers. Axon branches into terminals - terminals have stored vesicles containing neurotransmitter (acetylcholine). |
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Term
| Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
| Action potentials transmitted in muscle membrane trigger a rise on cytosolic Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Transverse of T-tubles are invaginations of plasma membrane that conduct the action potential from the outer surface to inner regions. Triggers contraction. Ion pumps will return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) causing muscle to relax again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary functions to transport necessary materials (oxygen, nutrients) to all the cells of an animal's body, and to transport waste products away from the cells where they can be released into the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can generate their own periodic action potentials --> "myogenic" excitation. Nervous input can increase or decrease rate. |
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Term
| Neurogenic hearts of arthropods |
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Definition
| Require regular impulses from the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pacemaker. What sets overall heart contraction rate. Collection of cardiac muscle cells specialized to do spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 phases: Diastole: atria contract and ventricles fill (systematic blood pressure lowest). Systole: ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systematic blood pressure highest). Heart values open and shut in response to pressure gradients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid connective tissue in closed circulatory systems. |
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Term
| 4 prominent components of vertebrate blood |
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Definition
| Plasma, Erythrocytes, platelets (thrombocytes), and leukocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water and solute (proteins, ions, ect...). Functions as buffer, water balance, and cell transport. Proteins, gas, minerals, nutrients are all dissolved into plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cells. Oxygen transport using hemoglobin: can carry 4 oxygen molecules each. |
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Term
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Definition
| Role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation). |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells. Defend body against infection and disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts blood away from the heart. Layers of smooth muscle and elecstic connective tissue around endothelium (epithelial tissue found inside a vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller in diameter, branches of arteries. Walls thinner than arteries, lack thick layer of connective tissue. Have smooth muscle encircling it. Can dilate or constrict to control blood distribution to tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest and narrowest, thinnest walled vessels in the body. Arterioles branch into fine capillary networks. Most cells in the body are within a few cell diameters of a capillary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange. Single-celled thick endothelium layer on basement membrane. Fenestrated capillaries have openings of fenestrating, allow for movement of considerable water and small solute through cell walls. Continuous capillaries lave smooth walls with no fenestration. Permit less water and solute movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| What capillary networks drain into it. Blood enters capillary on arteriole end under hydrostatic pressure. (from left ventricle). Hydrostatic pressure decreases along capillary bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinner and less elastic than arteries. Need help returning blood to the heart. Smooth muscle contractions help propel blood. Vein is squeezed by skeletal muscle contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| 21% oxygen. Less than 2% CO2 and other gases. 78% nitrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure exhorted by the atmosphere on the body surface of animals. 760mmHg at sea level. Atmospheric pressure decreases at higher elevations. |
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Term
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Definition
| atmospheric pressure is the sum of the these exhorted by each gas in air. Direction of gas diffusion by this gradients. |
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Term
| Solubility of gases in water |
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Definition
| Gases dissolve in solution - from water, sea water, or body fluids. Most gases dissolve poorly in water. Factors influencing solubility in water (higher pressure will result in more gas in solution up to a limit for each gas). |
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Term
| Common features of respiratory organs |
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Definition
| Most surfaces in which gases dissolve and diffuse. Often structure to provide large surface area for gas exchange. Extensive blood supply. |
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Term
| Terrestrial vs. Aquatic animals |
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Definition
| Aquatic have less total oxygen available to them. Less O2 in water than air. Water is denser than air, so more energy needed for water organisms than terrestrial organisms for air filtration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger the organism, the more amount of gas exchange. Body surface exchange is not enough. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wide with large surface area. Could be specialized in particular areas of the body. Limitations: unprotected and could attract predators. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fish gills (bony gills): confined and protected in Opercular cavity. Enclosed by operculum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main support structures. Filaments branch off of gilarches for support. Lameliea branch off of filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood in capillaries moves opposite direction as water flow. Allows for more efficient gas exchange. |
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Term
| Anatomy of Mammalian Respiratory System |
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Definition
| Nose and mouth - air is warmed and humidified. Mucus in the nose cleans air of dust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow tube. 5 inches long, starting behind the nose and ends at top of trachea (windpipes) and esophagus (tube that foes to stomach). |
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Term
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Definition
| Vocal chords. Leads to trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glottis (opening to trachea) protected by epiglottis, rings of cartilage, cilla and mucus trap particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trachea branches into 2 bronchi--> bronchioles--> alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounded by circular muscle to dilate or constrict passage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small pouches. Site of gas exchange. One cell thick wall. Inner surface coated with extracellular build goes to dissolve.Surfactant chemicals: reduce surface tension, prevent alveoli from collapsing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water is a major portion of the body's mass. Solvent for chemical reactions (dissolve enzymes). Transport vehicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Salts dissociate in solution into charged ions. Balance important. Imbalance can alter membrane potential or disrupt other cellular activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water moves between adjacent body compartments by osmosis down an osmotic gradient. Changes in salt concentration s in on e compartment will lead to change in fluid distribution between compartments. Shrinking or swelling of cells can rupture plasma membranes leading to cell death. |
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Term
| Obligatory exchanges: Breathing |
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Definition
| Loss of water by evaporation. Fish can lose or gain water as water passes over gills. |
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Term
| Obligatory exchanges: cellular respiration |
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Definition
| production of metabolic water. |
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Term
| Obligatory exchanges: Temperature regulation |
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Definition
| Panting, sweating causes of water (heat) loss |
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Term
| Obligatory exchanges:Elimination of wastes |
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Definition
| Salts, water are lost in fecal better and urine. |
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Term
| Obligatory exchanges: Food intake |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Many marine invertebrates and cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays) maintain body fluid osmolarity similar to the surrounding seawater. Many invertebrates are this, having a wide tolerance to freshwater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation. Toxic at high concentration, must be eliminated from the body. |
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Term
| Types of nitrogenous wastes |
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Definition
| Ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4+) - Most toxic of nitrogenous wastes. Energy not required for production. Urea - Less toxic but still needs to be secreted. Conversion to ammonia from urea uses ATP. Uric acid - Less toxic than ammonia. Precipitates out of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Platyhelminthes. Series of branching tubules along length of body. Filter fluids from body cavity, using beating of ciliated cells (flame cells). Osmoregulatory: help to rid body of wastes. nitrogenous wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| In annelids. Tubular network beginning in funnel-like structure called nephrostome. Collects coelomic fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| In insects. Not a filtration system, only secretion. Material in tubules move to hind gut where water and beneficial solutes are reabsorbed. |
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Term
| Vertebrate urinary system |
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Definition
| Organ system designed to remove and dispose of nitrogenous wastes, excess water, and blood solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized tubules composed of epithelial cells that actively transport sodium and other ions for salt and water homeostasis and nitrogenous wastes elimination. Functional units of the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Renal corpuscle - forms area of filtration. Tubule - performs secretion and reabsorption. Empties into emptying duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries. Supplied by afferent arteriole. Drained by efferent (exit) arteriole. Podocytes form filtration slits (physical barriers) --> water has to move through slits |
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Term
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Definition
| As blood flows, about 20% of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into Bowman's space. Proteins and blood cells remain in plasma. Glomerular filtration: water and small solutes (good and bad). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): rate of filtrate production by kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous with Bowmen's capsule. Loop of Henle--> Descending goes through medulla, ascending comes up out of medulla into cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases water retention. Released when activation of stretch receptors in heart atria is reduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases water retention. Released by pituitary gland in conditions of low blood volume (dehyradation). Acts to increase the number of aquamarines (water channels) in the collection duct membrane. Allows water to leave the collection g duct more rapidly, urine becoming more concentrated more quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offspring produced from a single parent without fusion of gametes. Clones of one of the parents. Little genetic diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of the parent organism develops, grows, and separates off to produce a new individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs. Some reproduce asexually or parthenogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| production of new individual by the joining of 2 haploid gametes. Produces a diploid zygote. Genetic variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| "two houses" - two separate sexes (one produces sperm, the other egg). |
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Term
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Definition
| "one house" - hermaphroditism. male and female organs are available. Synchronous hermaphrodite: male and female at the same time. Sequential hermaphrodite: sex reversal. |
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Term
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Definition
| female first (clownfish species) |
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Term
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Definition
| make first (angel fish species) |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg and sperm are released in close proximity, Usually in aquatic environment. Large amounts of egg and sperm at once. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sperm is deposited in the female's reproductive tract during copulation. Protect gametes for environment hazards or predators. |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic development within mother--> nourishment from mother (umbilical chord/placenta) |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryo develops outside mother in a cell (ex. egg). Protective shell. Reduces mother's metabolic investment but increase chance of predation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg covered in a thin shell retained inside mother but receive no/little nourishment from mother. "live birth". |
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Term
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Definition
| assemblage of many populations of different species that live in the sample at the same time. Can occur on a wide variety of scales and can be nested/overlapping. |
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Term
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Definition
| often studies how groups of species interact and form a functional community. |
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Term
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Definition
| By Clements. Competition gives rise to sharp boundaries between distinct communities. Because of long co-evolutionary history, species tend to grow together into communities with defined species compositions. |
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Term
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Definition
| By Gleason. Community is an assumption of species coexisting because of their similarities and tolerance. Not dependent on one another. |
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Term
| Whittaker's Species Distribution Studies |
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Definition
| Looked at plant species distributions along climate gradients in mountain ranges in California, and other locations. Generally supported Gleason's individualistic hypothesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| number of species present in community. Depends on geographic range for amount of species in a certain area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Haven't had enough time to develop many species in places with recent glacier movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communities extending over larger areas have more species because they can support larger populations and inhabit a greater range of habitats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater photosynthetic productivity of plants results in greater overall species richness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Succession on a newly established site that is mainly abiotic (lava flow). |
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Term
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Definition
| succession on a site that is supporting some cling things, but undergoes a disturbance (fire, flood, tornados). |
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Term
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Definition
| The suggestion by Clements that succession has a distinct ending point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Succession is a series of transient communities |
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Term
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Definition
| colonizing species changes the environment so that it becomes more suitable for the next species. |
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Term
| 5 general stages of embryonic development |
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Definition
| Fertilization, cleavage division (animals not growing, just composed of more cells), gastrolation (causes 3 distinct layers; triploblastic), neurolation (one of earliest organs formed; segmented worms), and organ genesis (makes/organizes tissues). |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes dissolve region of the jelly-like layer allowing sperm to contract the plasma membrane of the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| half-sized daughter cells produced at each division Morula: solid ball of cells. Blastula: hollow ball of cells with fluid filled cavity. Blastocoel: fluid filled cavity within blastula. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vegetal pole: where yolk is more concentrated in the egg (larger cells(. Animal pole: where there is less yolk and more cytoplasm in egg (smaller cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of outer trophectoderm which gives rise to placenta, inner cell mass becomes embryo. Embeds in uterine wall by a process of implantation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form epithelial lining of gut, liver, pancreas, lungs, and bladder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms heart, limbs, muscles, kidneys, blood, and connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms epidermis and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| During it, an epithelial sheet bends inward to form an inpocketing. Observed in echinoderms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells leave an epithelial sheet by transforming form epithelial cells into freely migrating mesenchyme cells. Mammalian and avian cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue sheet rolls inward and goes underneath original sheet of epithelial cells. In amphibians. |
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Term
|
Definition
| differential acquisition of various cyctoplasmic factors during cell division. |
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Term
| Induction (external factors) |
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Definition
| acquisition of properties through cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms (secreted factors cell-cell contact gap junctions). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of neutral tube (goes whole length of embryo) from ectoderm located dorsal to notochord. |
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Term
| Neural crest cell migration |
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Definition
| Only in vertebrates. Cells on dorsal side of neural tube migrate to other regions of embryo to form all neurons, supporting cells of PNS. Also form melanocyctes, cells forming facial cartilage and parts of adrenal gland. ex. cats and dog fur coloration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized group of embryonic cells that migrate to future site of gonads (determined very early). Once in gonad, cells can produce gametes through meiosis. |
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